Ewisa isichazi-magama - yintoni na le nto?

Njengoko bathi omnye film Heroine: "Wiz iimeko ezimbini:. Ukuba kuphosakele ukuba ugxininiso kwi amagama ... kwaye ubuze imibuzo yobudenge" Ngokungafaniyo unjingalwazi lzhedocherey Tikhomirov, abantu abaqhelekileyo yanto ndizenze omnye umntu, kodwa hayi cebiso osisiyatha. Ukuba ngaba ucele izinto kweziyatha akukho nzima, ekubizweni kwezi ilizwi, nkqu ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe kudla ngokuba nzima kakhulu. Kwaba ngoko ukuba oloncedo kuza ukubiza Xhosa ulwimi Russian.

Yintoni uxinezeleko yaye kutheni kubalulekile ukuba ukubeka ngqo

Phambi kokuba ufunde kabanzi kokuvakalisa isichazi-magama, umbuyisi ulwazi lwakho phezu kwento elula ezifana noxinzelelo. Ngoko ke, uxinezeleko - Ukukhetha ngelizwi amalungu athile ngelizwi. Nangona indima okubonakala amancinci uxinezeleko, ntonje kuxhomekeke intsingiselo kuyo.

Iimpawu uxinezeleko ngolwimi Russian

Xa ngendlela Russian lingehla ngokugqibeleleyo nayiphi na inxalenye yegama.

Ngaphezu koko, kunye nokwehla igama elifanayo kwi kumatyala uxinezeleko unokuwa phezu iisilabhili ayo ahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyandisa amathuba ukwenza impazamo amagama, hayi kuphela basemzini kodwa kwizithethi bomthonyama. Kulo mba, lo oyintloko nabagadi babaviwa abancedisayo ukuba nabani na ofuna ukuthetha kakuhle, nto balibiza isichazi-magama. Indlela ukubeka aksenti e amagama ambaxa, uyamxelela. Umzekelo, nkqu baseRashiya bona badla mispronounce amagama ukutya ezaziwayo-kakuhle, iimpahla okanye izinto ezithile. Yaye eneneni, ugxininiso ibekwe kuzo njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo.

orthoepy Science and dictionary nangokuvakalisa - yintoni na le nto?

Study of ntshikilelo mazwi ukwenza orthoepy nenzululwazi (igama kuthetha ukusuka lesiGrike njenge "intetho ekunene"). Ukongeza kuxinezeleko, le inzululwazi ojongene isifundo, ukusekwa ulawulo kunye nezithethe orthoepic zolwimi ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi.

Yonke idatha malunga indlela echanileyo yokubiza amagama namabinzana-zeelwimi iingcali orthoepy, zifakwa kwizichazi eyodwa ebizwa ngokuba egweba.

ulwimi nganye inayo magama yayo egweba. Inceda bolunye uhlanga, abafundi ulwimi, ukuphuhlisa indlela yokubiza amagama, kwaye izithethi zomthonyama - ukuphucula kwintetho yabo.

Imbali egweba dictionary

Ngaphandle kokuba orthoepy inzululwazi weza evela Greece yamandulo, uluntu uBukhosi baseRoma kufuneka sibe nombulelo kuqala dictionary egweba. Inyaniso kukuba, ngokuphumelela kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwiphondo lakhe angabuyeli kuyo, amaRoma wavakalisa Latin igosa, kwaye ukucinezelwa kwabantu willy-liqhubeke kwafuneka ukuba amfundise. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, xa amaphondo isiLatini saba ezahlukeneyo kwigosa, ekubeni yongeza ilizwi ulwimi yasekuhlaleni kummandla woyisa, kunye pronunciation zemihlathi Latin lunokuyitshintsha kakhulu. Ukuze aququzelele iduke nokunciphisa ukuba a eqhelekileyo, waqala ukuzivakalisa abalawuli ezizodwa apho ukubhala indlela echanileyo yokubiza amagama Latin kakhulu anzima kunye namabinzana. La maxwebhu azizikhokelo wokuqala kwimbali ngokuzibiza isichazi-magama.

Ngenxa ngokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma for orthoepy batsala nzima. Kuphela XVI-XVII kwiinkulungwane eFransi Ndaqalisa ukulwela ekuhlambululeni zentetho. Nangona kunjalo, lo gama ulwazi malunga ekubizeni amagama ngendlela eyiyo olunikwe ngohlobo izongezelelo yegrama.

Kamva, xa umzekeliso iincwadi reference waseRoma, waqala ukuzivakalisa phrasebooks ngokuzibiza, ngokuthe ngcembe wajika kwisichazi-magama.

Kwi-Russian uBukhosi norm ovakalisa wabumba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Ngexesha Abaphengululi abaninzi kweelwimi waqala ukuzivakalisa ngokwabo isichazi-magama zabo egweba ukuze kuhanjiswe ulwimi Russian.

Ngophuhliso ngoonomathotholo noomabonakude waqala ukuzivakalisa izichazi ezikhethekileyo izithethi nababhexeshi, kangangokuba intetho kwabo, umzekelo kubafundi.

Ngophuhliso lweenkqubo zekhompyutha ovakalisa izichazi ngokuya esele elidlulileyo. Ukususela namhlanje, ukuba ukufumanisa apho ukubeka ugxininiso elizwini enye okanye enye, ngena ngokulula ibe Umguquleli intanethi - kwaye iya kuba kunokwenzeka kuphela ukubona apho yabeka ugxininiso, kodwa kwakhona ukuphulaphula yokubiza amagama abhalwe zizithethi zomthonyama.

Types egweba magama

Njengoko usazi, zonke izichazi-magama ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini:

• Encyclopaedic - eziqulathe ulwazi malunga kumazwe ahlukeneyo, iziganeko, iziganeko zembali nobuntu, kunye nezinye.
• izichazi ezizodwa eziqulathe ulwazi malunga igama (intsingiselo yalo, upelo, imvelaphi, translation, pronunciation, njl) - iilwimi. Ewisa isichazi-magama - uhlobo olumnandi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke izichazi waphololoza zahlulwe iindidi ezimbini: iphepha-elektronikha.

Sinako ukwahlula iindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo - kwaye ke oko izinga ichaza magama egweba. Yokubiza amagama lwesigodi abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ebandakanyekileyo nangokuvakalisa izichazi ukubetha. Kwaye nantsi ukubeka indlela efanelekileyo ugxininiso ngokungqinelana nemigangatho ulwimi boncwadi, izichazi ekhawulezileyo udidi lwesibini, apho bonke bafumana yaye xa befuna ukuthetha inyaniso.

Ngamanye amaxesha ihlaba izichazi neengxaki malunga izigaba zentetho. Umzekelo, a zenzi egweba isichazi-magama, izibizo waphololoza isichazi-magama, njl

Paper egweba dictionary

Nganye imele iphepha ovakalisa oko isichazi-magama. Le yincwadi eqhelekileyo, leyo ezidweliswe amagama-alfabhethi amalungiselelo kwaye zibonise apho babeka ugxininiso. Phambi computer, kwaba kuphela uhlobo izichazi magama. Kodwa ngoku ukuba ubandezele esinzulu - elektroniki.

egweba dictionary Electronic

Amaxesha amaninzi edition iphepha le isichazi-magama ovakalisa iskeniwe kwaye idijithali. Ngoko ke, nabani na khuphela yikopi esekhompyutheni Dictionary ukubiza efunekayo kwaye usebenzise ngayo njengokuba luyabiza, ingakumbi ezinqabileyo iimpapasho iphepha. Apha kuphela ezo scan azikho izichazi-elektroniki.

Electronic egweba dictionary - yinkqubo zikhethekileyo ngamazwi search ezenzekelayo. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga ilizwi ofunekayo, kuyimfuneko, usebenzise inkqubo, ngenisa igama elichanekileyo kwibhokisi injini yokukhangela, kwaye ngoko inkqubo ngokwalo wowufumana.

Ezo izichazi egweba abantu ezimeleyo (yonke datha ukufakwa disc, nangenxa phambi intanethi akufuneki) nezekhompyutha (ngaphandle Internet ayisebenzi).

Ewisa dictionary ulwimi Russian: imbali

Enye edumileyo ukubiza yokuqala Xhosa ulwimi Russian yaba umsebenzi yolwimi odumileyo Ukrainian Ivan (Hilarion) Ogienko. Yena ngo-1911, epapashwe "Dictionary of uxinezeleko ngolwimi Russian kunye nemigaqo ngendlela Russian."
Ngokutsho uguqulelo yemveli ye-magama ibali egweba ulwimi Russian iqala ngo-1955 kwaye, xa eshiya umsebenzi Ruben Avanesov kunye Sergey Ozhegova "pronunciation zoncwadi Russian kunye aksenti: Uluhlu". Kancinane kweminyaka engama-30 yapapashwa i ezaziwayo-kakuhle "isichazi-magama ovakalisa" Avanesov, owaba Umqulu abaninzi.

Ngowe-1960, F. kunye M. Ageenko Zarva wakhupha isichazi-magama egweba ezikhethekileyo izithethi nababhexeshi kunomathotholo nakumabonakude. Aba babhali ezifanayo ngo-1993 wapapasha kwisichazi waphololoza amazwi 76,000.

Ngo-80 yee 'e Minsk kukhululwa "Dictionary of zogxininiso Russian" R. Hryslovoy. Ngelo xesha S. Borunova eyakhupha magama yayo egweba. Olu hlelo eziqulathwe malunga 63,5 amawaka amagama.

Ukususela ekuqaleni kuka 2000, kwakhona waqala ukuzivakalisa ngenkuthalo egweba hlelo. Ngoko ke, ngo-2000, yaye yakhutshwa Dictionary Avanesov kunye Ozhegova. Kulo nyaka M. Shtudiner isichazi ovakalisa epapashwe 82,5 amawaka amagama. Ukongeza, ababhali T. ivanov kunye T. Cherkasova yakhupha njengesikhokelo nangokuvakalisa izithethi ezizodwa.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, epapashwe ezininzi iincwadana ezizodwa okanye iincwadi eziqulathe amatyala entsonkothileyo ntshikilelo amagama amatsha, kunokuba ngokuzibiza isichazi-magama. Ukongezelela, abaninzi bakhetha ukwenza waphololoza iinkonzo Internet, njengoko zitshiphu kokupapashwa le ncwadi, yaye kulula ukugcina nokuhlela.

Ukuba amaRoma izilumko ngelo xesha akazange eze waphololoza isichazi-magama, elingaziwayo, ayizukubakho iilwimi namhlanje ezahlukeneyo zizonke. Ngapha koko, ungabinayo echanileyo yokubiza ibhanile amazwi ngolwimi oluthile, nje kwamashumi ambalwa, abantu abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe ayeza kuba Bema nokuqonda ngasinye enye. kwiminyaka engama 2,000 eyadlulayo, yaye namhlanje izalisekisa indima ebalulekileyo waphololoza isichazi-magama, ukuba intetho eqhelekileyo ecocekileyo ezintle.