Eziphilayo British ezinto eziphilayo, kunye sokusebenza biophysicist Frensis Krik: engobomi, impumelelo, ezeza anika umdla

Francis Crick Harri Compton wayengomnye zebhayoloji ezimbini molecule ngubani zingavuthuluka efihlakeleyo carrier isakhiwo ulwazi yemfuza deoxyribonucleic acid (iDNA), ngaloo ndlela ukuqalisa le ezinto eziphilayo mihla. Emva kwale ukufunyanwa esisiseko uye wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ikhowudi yezofuzo kunye umsebenzi yemfuza, ngokunjalo neurobiology. Wabe iBhaso Nobel amayeza ngo-1962 kunye uYakobi Watson kunye Maurice Wilkins ukuze elucidation kobume DNA.

Frensis Krik: biography

Indoda enkulu koonyana ababini, Francis, wazalwa usapho Harry Crick kunye Elizabeth Ann Wilkins Juni 8, 1916 e Northampton, eNgilani. Waya esikolweni igrama asekuhlaleni esemncinane baba nomdla amalinge, soloko ilandelwa yi udubulo imichiza. Esikolweni, waphumelela ibhaso ukuqokelela zasendle. Ukongeza, yena luyixhalabele intenetya, kodwa wayengenamdla kakhulu kwezinye imidlalo nezemidlalo. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-14, uFrancis wafumana kwisikolo sokufunda Mill Hill, kumntla London. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, xa wayeneminyaka engama-18, waza wafunda kwiYunivesithi College. Ukuze abazali bakhe ebudaleni basuka Northampton e Mill Hill, yaye bavunyelwe Francis ukuba baphile ngelixa ukufunda ekhaya. Yena isidanga honors ngo Physics.

Emva iziqu Frensis Krik ukhokelwa da Costa Andrade kwiYunivesithi College wenza uphando viscosity kwamanzi phantsi koxinzelelo kwaye kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ngowe-1940, uFrancis wafumana ofisi yamakhaya kwelo Admiralty, apho wayesebenza kuyilo izigcayiseli anti-nqanawa. Ekuqaleni kulo nyaka, Crick watshata noRute uDoreen Dodd. Unyana wabo uMichael wazalwa ngexesha ahlasele lezomoya eLondon November 25, 1940. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, Francis wabelwa ukuba Ukuhlolwa kwekomkhulu British Admiralty e iNethwekhi, apho ingqalelo kuphuhliso izixhobo zenzululwazi.

Esengozini zokuphila engaphili

Eqonda ukuba kuza kufuneka uqeqesho olungaphezulu ukuze anelise umnqweno babo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuphando basic, Crick wagqiba ukusebenza abanemfundo enomsila. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuba wachukumiseka gqitha kukubona iinkalo ezimbini eziphilayo - umda phakathi kwabaphilileyo engaphili kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Creek wakhetha yokuqala, nangona wayesazi okuncinane ngalo mbandela. Emva izifundo lokuqala kwiYunivesithi College ngo-1947, wayeka kwi inkqubo elabhoratri e Cambridge phantsi kolwalathiso Artura Hyuza, ezinxulumene ukusebenza iimpawu emzimbeni kukho icytoplasm inkcubeko fibroblasts enkukhu.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Crick wajoyina iqela kwiBhunga loPhando lwezoNyango kwi Cavendish Laboratory. Wawuhlanganisa buchopho British maks Peruts kunye Dzhon Kendryu (elizayo Nobel Prize winners). Francis baqalisa ukusebenzisana nabo, ngelithi ukufunda isakhiwo protein, kodwa eneneni ukusebenza kunye Watson kwi isakhiwo DNA elandisa.

Helix double

Ngowe-1947, Frensis Krik umtshato uDoreen kwaye ngo-1949 watshata Odile Isantya, umfundi, igcisa, wadibana ngaye xa ndasebenza Navy ngexesha inkonzo yakhe Admiralty. Umtshato ungqamene ekuqaleni umsebenzi wayo lomviwa kwi iiproteni diffractometry X-ray. Le ndlela ukufunda lwesakhiwo yikristale ezi molekyuli, uvumela ukuba uchaze izinto yesakhiwo-ntathu.

Ngowe-1941 elebhu Cavendish ekhokelwa Nkosi William Lawrence Bragg, ngubani novulindlela X-reyi diffraction indlela, iminyaka emashumi mane eyadlulayo. Ngowe-1951, Crick kunye yi Dzheyms Uotson, a ukutyelela American, owayefunda kunye nogqirha Italian Salvador Edward Luria kwaye ulilungu leqela le zesayensi abaye bafunda iintsholongwane yintsholongwane, eyaziwa ngokuba bacteriophages.

Njengoko noogxa bakhe, Watson baba nomdla ukubhengezwa ukwakhiwa yemfuza babecinga ukuba ubume isisombululo ye DNA isicombululo ethembisayo. ubambiswano sesikweni phakathi Crick kunye Watson zingaphuhliswa amabhongo ezifanayo kunye neenkqubo ingcamango efanayo. yobungcali babo uncoma omnye komnye. Ngexesha okokuqala Crick wayesazi okuninzi malunga diffraction X-reyi kunye nolwakhiwo kwiproteni, kunye Watson wayeyiqonda kakuhle bacteriophages kunye imizila yemfuza amagciwane.

la Franklin

Frensis Krik and Dzheyms Uotson babelazi umsebenzi biochemists Maurice Wilkins kunye URosalind Franklin of College loKumkani eLondon, ngubani ngoncedo lwe X-ray diffraction kuphandwe ubume DNA. Creek, ingakumbi, ebizwa ngokuba Group London ukwakha imifuziselo, ezifana nezo kwenziwa Laynus Poling eUnited States ukusombulula ingxaki le kweleli protein alpha. Pauling, ingqiqo uyise iqhina yemichiza wabonisa ukuba iiproteni babe isakhiwo-ntathu kwaye nje yomgama acid acid chain.

Wilkins ne Franklin, geqe, wesuka waba abazi ngakumbi indlela yokwenza senkolelo indlela simulating Pauling, leyo ngqo Francis. Ekubeni iqela kwiKholeji King engazange aphendule isiphakamiso, Crick kunye Watson Ahlule azinikele kwisithuba seminyaka emibini kwiingxoxo kunye neengxoxo. Ekuqaleni 1953 baza baqalisa ukwakha umfuziselo DNA.

isakhiwo DNA

Ukusebenzisa data evela X-reyi diffraction Franklin, ngenxa eninzi amaphutha, bathe bakuyila eyabangumzekelo deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, leyo iyahambelana izigqibo London Group kunye data eziphilayo Erwin Chargaff. Ngowe-1950 le yokugqibela yabonisa ukuba imali wayesisalamane nucleotides ezine DNA, kulandele imithetho ethile, enye yazo kukuba elingana nesixa adenine (A) isixa thymine (T) kunye mali guanine (G) inani cytosine (C). unxibelelwano olunjalo lubandakanya ukuqhathwa A kunye T kunye C no G, okuchitha ingcamango yokuba DNA - akunto nje tetranucleotide, oko kukuthi zinemoletyhule elula eliquka zonke zone iziseko.

Entlakohlaza zasehlotyeni ka 1953, Watson kunye Crick wabhala amanqaku amane malunga ubume deoxyribonucleic acid kunye neempawu kwakulindelekile, yokuqala esavela kulindixesha Nature ngomhla wama-25 Apreli. Ushicilelo ilandelwa yi imisebenzi Wilkins, Franklin, nabalingane babo thaca ubungqina zovavanyo enzelwe indlela. Watson iphumelele itosi wabeka ifani kuqala, ngaloo ndlela ngonaphakade onxulumanisa impumelelo engundoqo yenzululwazi kunye iperi Watson-Crick.

ikhowudi yezofuzo

Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, Frensis Krik wayefunda ukuzalana phakathi DNA kunye ikhowudi yezofuzo. intsebenziswano yakhe uVernon Ingram kukhokelele imiboniso 1956, umahluko phakathi ukwakhiwa yetekisi of irhengqa-cell anemia eziqhelekileyo kwenye acid acid. Uphononongo zanika ubungqina bokuba yemfuzo ukuze ezinxulumene ratio DNA-protini.

Ehlabathini ngaxeshanye ukuze Crick kwi Cavendish Laboratory wazibandakanya Genetics Ezinto Biology yoMzantsi Afrika Sydney Brenner. Baqala ke ukuba bajongane "ingxaki ikhowudi" - kwenkcazo ukulandelelana neziseko DNA enza ukulandelelana acid kwi kwiproteni. Lo msebenzi kuqala ngo 1957 phantsi kwesihloko "Ngomhla Yindibanisela protein." It Crick baqulunqe postulate esisiseko ezinto eziphilayo, ngokutsho kuyo, iinkcukacha sisasazwa iproteni umva kwakhona. Sekucingelwa kwangoku ukuba kwiproteni amagama noomatshini ngokuthumela ulwazi ukusuka DNA RNA kwaye ukusuka RNA kwizinongo.

Salk Institute

Ngowe-1976, ngexesha ikhefu Crick wanikwa isikhundla esisigxina kwi-Institute of Biological Research Salk e La Jolla, California. Wavuma ke bonke ubomi bakhe wasebenza kwi Salk Institute, kuquka nomlawuli. Kukho Creek waqalisa ukufunda ukusebenza ingqondo, leyo unomdla kuyo ukusuka ukuqala umsebenzi yenzululwazi. Oku ikakhulu inxaxheba kule sezingqondweni kwaye bazama ukuhlasela ingxaki ngokusebenzisa isifundo umbono. Creek iye yapapashwa amaphepha eziliqela iindlela kwerandi bamaphupha ingqalelo, kodwa ke, njengokuba yena wabhala ngobomi bakhe, yena kwafuneka kuzala na ithiyori, nto leyo ngexesha elinye waba entsha khorwisaka achaze izibakala ezininzi zovavanyo.

"Panspermia Yalathiswe" An episode umdla umsebenzi kwi Salk Institute uphuhliso iingcamango zakhe. Ekunye uLeslie Orgel, wapapasha incwadi apho wacebisa ukuba kwiintsholongwane ziye zenyuka isithuba, ukuze ekugqibeleni ukufikelela umhlaba iintswazi, nokuba oko kwenziwa ngenxa Action, "umntu." Ngoko Frensis Krik ngawo omane imfundiso yabo, ebonisa indlela kunokwenzeka ukuba kungafundiswa iingcamango ngumyinge.

Awards sesayensi

Ngexesha umsebenzi wakhe Njengomhlaziyi odlamkileyo eziphilayo mihla Frensis Krik bahlanganisana, kuhlanganiswa kwaphucula umsebenzi umfuniselo kwabanye uze iziphumo zabo engaqhelekanga ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ezisisiseko kwinzululwazi. imigudu yakhe enkulu, ukongeza Nobel Prize, waphumelela kuye iimbasa ezininzi. Ezi ziquka Lasker Award, umvuzo French Academy of Sciences Charles Mayer kunye Molteno of the Royal Society Copley. Ngowe-1991, wabalelwa ekubeni lilungu Order of Merit.

Crick wafa July 28, 2004 e San Diego eneminyaka engama-88. Ngowe-2016 Francis Crick Institute yakhiwa kumntla London. Ubume kweendleko million 660 iiponti yaba iziko inkulu zophando biomedical eYurophu.