Indlela ukufumanisa izinga igcwala

Zonke izinto imichiza luqulathe molekyuli, ezo amasuntswana zincinane. Bona kagesi cala kwaye iqanjwa athom, eziqhagamshelwe ngeentambo covalent. Ukukwazi-athom of imichiza kwi molekyuli ukwenza inani elithile unamakhonkco ekuthiwa Valence. Ngokunxulumene ukuvela kunye nophuhliso e-worldwork theory neentambo imichiza ingqiqo unenzondelelo inguqu ebonakalayo kwaye ngoku akukho ingcaciso ecacileyo yenzululwazi, ikakhulu esetyenziswa iinjongo zokufundisa kwaye lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa iqondo igcwala. Ukuba molecule - yeyona nto incinane kwisuntswana, i-atom na isuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga imichiza element omncinane. Atom kwakhona yamasuntswana ngombane cala sesazulwini sayo kukho engundoqo kuqulethe protons ngokuqinisekileyo ityala, kwaye ngeenxa kukho ilifu elektroni (kakubi icala). Ngoko ke kwenzeka uthwele isigxina ezintle ngumongo isigxina elibi electron. Ukuze uqonde ukuba ukujonga njani iqondo igcwala, noko kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubume molecule izinto ezithile.

Xa molecule hydrogen chloride (HCl) phakathi hydrogen kunye chlorine, kukho isibini enye eziqhelekileyo electron. A atom hydrogen iye Proton enye elektroni omnye. chlorine ingaphezulu uye protons 17 electron 17, omnye electron ezisixhenxe engaphandle iqokobhe electron ezinoxinano bafana kunye ovela ye atom hydrogen ukwenza ngaloo ndlela i kwisibini electron: H: Cl. Le H2S benziwa yomoya sulphur atom 2 isibini ekwabelwana ngayo elektroni zombini athom hydrogen: H: S: H. Indlela ukugqiba isidanga se igcwala le element, umzekelo, chlorine kunye HCl kwi hydrogen molecule yehayidrojini sulphur kwi H2S molecule? Valency kunika uluvo lokuba lo mali kwasekwa ndisezintanjeni molecule okanye ngababini electron, kodwa ukubonisa ukufuduka kwabo.

Kuthathwa ukuba electron-athom kwi zinemoletyhule adityaniswa ngababini electron athe lutshintshelwe atom kakhulu elekrootritsatelnomu. Hydrogen neklorin i HCl angaqala unxibelelwano, oko kwatshintsha chlorine kuba yeyona electronegative. Ngenxa yoko, izinga igcwala ulingana hydrogen dibanisa 1, ngelixa chlorine - thabatha 1. atom nganye hydrogen kwi molecule H2S uqalisa unxibelelwano mnye isalfure atom, nto leyo iye bonds ezimbini. Zombini ngababini electron kulo mzekelo kwatshintsha atom nesalfure. Ngenxa yoko, izinga igcwala hydrogen dibanisa ilingana 1, kwaye atom nesalfure - thabatha 2. Indlela ukufumanisa iqondo arhente igcwala, umz, HCl, H2S, O2, N2, Na, Ag, Si? Igcwala wenkqu ezilula okanye ezimbaxa usoloko 0, njengoko into eyakhiwe ngayo iimolekyuli okanye athom kwaye kagesi cala. Uvela koku, ngokufumana iqondo igcwala ka sakhi molecule.

Kumzekelo we hypochlorous acid ngazo ukujonga indlela iqondo igcwala kuba Cl atom. E HClO molecule, njengoko kwi molecule nayiphi na enye into, hydrogen usoloko (ngaphandle hydrides) luphawulwa igcwala dibanisa 1, yaye umoya usoloko - igcwala thabatha 2 (ngaphandle barium pheroksayidi kunye oksijini fluoride). Ngenxa yokuba molecule akukho ntlawulo ngokwayo, sinako ukubhala equation (1) + + x (- 2) = 0. Le lenxaki kufuneka isonjululwe: x = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (1) ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba iqondo igcwala of Cl molecule ye acid hypochlorous plus nganye ilingana 1. kulo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba ukujonga ukuba iqondo igcwala nawuphi na inkalo ethile molecule. Kuqala kwinto zonke, amaxabiso eyaziwa zicwangciswe izinto valency okanye musa ukutshintsha iqondo igcwala.

Ngenxa yoko, igcwala kuthiwa ixabiso enemiqathango (isigxina ngokusesikweni atom kwi molecule) kusetyenziselwa ukurekhoda zibalo reactions ezinxulumene igcwala okanye ukuncitshiswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Eli xabiso lilingana inani leeperi elektroni, leyo lwaye ngokupheleleyo ukuya molekyuli electronegative lweziqalelo imichiza. Igcwala kubhalwe phezu atom isimboli. Le entry ibonisa ukuba ukujonga indlela iqondo igcwala ngayo into ethile molecule nayiphi na into. Ngokomzekelo, ingxelo (Na + 1Cl-1) kukuba kuqondakale ukuba ityuwa yomoya sodium igcwala isidanga dibanisa 1, thabatha 1, kunye wechlorine ngaloo ndlela: (+1) + (-1) = 0 Xa molecule ye potassium permanganate (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) kunye 1 potassium ukuba manganese dibanisa 7, ioksijini thabatha-2, oko kukuthi: (+1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. i molecule ye-nitric acid (H + 1N + 5O-23) kunye 1 hydrogen, ngokuba nitrogen kunye 5 ioksijini thabatha 2, kwaye yonke molecule ngombane cala: (+1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0 kwi molecule ye igaya acid (H + 1N + 3O-22) kunye 1 hydrogen, ngokuba nitrogen dibanisa 3 oksijini thabatha 2, ekubeni nesigxina molecule ilingana zero, ngoko: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. Umzekelo, initrojeni kunokubonwa ukuba eli-atom ukuze abe izinto ezahlukeneyo igcwala ezahlukeneyo kwiimo dibanisa okanye thabatha 3 ukuya kwezi-5 (kubekho isithuba iyunithi enye).