Fayum portrait: obukhulu kuzo yobugcisa yehlabathi

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII kwenye emangcwabeni wafundela umhambi Italian wafumanisa portraits ezingaqhelekanga elabangela baseYurophu yabanjwa yokwenene - zahluke kangaka ukusuka kwabanye.

Kubalulekile lokufumanisa zembali

Kodwa ke udumo lokwenene wazuza mummies buza zakudala ngowe-1887 kufuphi nesixeko Fayoum, kuhlale amaYiputa amandulo. Emva ukudliwa ka-Alexander Omkhulu wathatha indawo yakhe apho, yaye amaGrike ukusuka ngamaRoma. amang'awu lengcwaba ezinxulumene ne laloo nto nabafileyo, ivavanywa utshintsho yayo. Ukuba ngaphambili amaYiputa kwambatha emzimbeni wakho ubuso zidumbu ingavalelwa a sarcophagus, iindidi iimaski, imifanekiso non-zinjalo lalowo ungasekhoyo, artists endawo zipeyintwe enemifanekiso yabantu ipeyinti Yanjengomthwebeba-ntathu zokumelana iinkuni anokungenwa, maxa wambi kwi canvases ezithi njo ibhodi.

Fayum eliyi, lokuvula iinkalo engaziwayo uyilo yala magcisa amandulo, wanika igama layo kumfanekiso entle kwabafileyo, abo benza lo revolution yenkcubeko ngokwenene ngelo xesha. Makhe, wonqanyulwa kwi ubukhulu ekunene, zinxibelelene kwintloko Mama: nxamnye amabhandeji ezimhlophe, ngokungathi phandle ngefestile, wakhangela ekuvezeni sengqiqweni zomntu ongasekhoyo.

Technique lwepeyinti isicelo

Artists wasebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo encaustic, nto leyo equka ukusebenzisa ipeyinti ngqo phezu kweenkuni ngaphandle pre-processing. Fayum umzobo umfi umfanekiso oluthi lusetyenziswe kunye ibhrashi kunye nemivalo yesinyithi shushu. Lo msebenzi msebenzi-kakhulu kunene, efuna izakhono ezizodwa, ukususela kwezobulungisa e Ifoto akuvumelekanga. Ngenxa yepeyinti eliphezulu lobushushu ziphekisisiwe angwevu, anencindi zanyibilika, ukwakha umphezulu obungalinganiyo ngexesha Ukuqinisa, ukudala ifuthe umthamo. Ukongeza, iinkosi babesebenzisa amacwecwe egolide, sigxininise imvelaphi, isidanga phezu kwentloko yakhe, okanye nayiphi na inxalenye yesinxibo.

Enye ubuchule ngencwadi eni lengcwaba kwabantu, i tempera. Imifanekiso ngombala ezisekelwe ugalelwe glue yezilwanyana, lwenziwa phezu matte kunye iintshinga umahluko ngaphantsi gqitha ukukhanya nethunzi wadala. Izazinzulu zithi eside mifanekiso: Fayum elichaza yamandulo Egypt art yamandulo arcade alondolozwe, kwaye kule mini bafika ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa njengokukhazimla umbala akanakuba utshintsho yethutyana.

art imifanekiso amaRoma abafileyo

Asimele silibale ukuba ukubhala portraits inkolo yinxalenye yesiko uBukhosi baseRoma, kuphela umfanekiso iba yinxalenye yehlelo lengcwaba, kunye nemifanekiso yezinyanya kunye nabalawuli umfi zigcinwe kwiiyadi ekuthiwa imithambo. iimpawu zendlela kunxibelelana ukupeyinta Fayum ekumeni, Noko ke, abembi zafumana iqhezu encinane imisebenzi yobugcisa yamaRoma, kodwa obukhulu yamandulo zobugcisa lehlabathi amaYiputa, njengoko izazinzulu zikholelwa, yasinda loo zikwimeko entle bobempunde hayi nje kuphela ngenxa ubuchule obubodwa ngokusebenzisa ipeyinti, kodwa amazwe eziyimiqwebedu .

Ukufana ne iconography

Kuqaliswe eminyaka eyadlulayo eni eziye ngummangaliso wokwenene kwihlabathi zobugcisa, waxelelwa ukuba abantwana amawaka baphile imifanekiso yabantu. umfanekiso ekhethekileyo amaYiputa amandulo, owayephila ngexesha ngamandla lamaGrike namaRoma, kungekhona nje wadlula kwifom yabantu. Amehlo buhlungu Huge ngokukhangela ngapha mkhanyo ngokungathi bebona into engekho phantsi ibonakala uyaphila.

Hayi ngengozi phantsi kweempembelelo imifanekiso eziyinyani ukuba kwelinye icala ebomini, baqala ukwenza izimiso iconography. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba iseyi eni isiko ayenzelwanga ukuba Eyokuqiqa labaphilileyo, yaye zadalwa kuphela komngcwabo, kuba amaYiputa bebesoloko ngqalelo elikhulu emva kokufa.

abonakale lengcwaba njenge iconography siphu-

iconography kamva Byzantine iphenjelelwa ubuchule kukho iinkosi zamandulo, ukubhala phezu encaustic emthini kwaye usebenzisa zizixwexwe igqabi yegolide. A look at eni yomngcwabo, ekhangele komnye ehlabathini, ngokuthe ngcembe ayahamba aye zonqulo ubugcisa waseByzantium. Stylistically kuzakuthathwa proikonoy Fayum ifoto, umfanekiso yomngcwabo buhlungu kwaye yenzelwe ukugcina iimpawu ozithandayo zomntu ongasekhoyo. I-ayikhoni impilo woyisayo ekufeni, kunye bakhe ubuso baphethukela kuThixo, kunye nentsingiselo unonophelo akakho livuleka, kunye novuyo i-Ista yokuhlangana. Artists like besinga kungena umphefumlo, akukho lihamba a lwexeshana umfanekiso, nokujonga ngokwengqiqo le nkolelo ubuntu kumbi ekukhanyeni kanaphakade.

Ukususela portraits eziyinyani - ubuso enhle

Abaphandi baqinisekile ukuba yonke imifanekiso ezibhaliweyo umntu ophilayo, njengoko ukufikelela kwi umfi kunye nokusebenza kubo balelwa ngokungqongqo yi iinkosi umYiputa. Ngoko lengcwaba ngobude (Fayum) mazi-odolwe kwangaphambili, eveze ebudeni bakhe ebomini, Yena nesisitheliso endlwini ade umntu afe. Ezinye izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba kwakukho omnye umfanekiso kwimipapiri, awanyakazela ngayo post-wokufa kunye iikopi langabom ukuba mummies.

Xa sithetha umfanekiso wento ongasekhoyo, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo ezilahlekisayo, kodwa nangoku umfanekiso vnevozrastnye yomfanekiso ethile efanelekileyo, ngokungathi emkhenkceni ephakadeni. mummies aziwayo, kunye portraits lengcwaba eyayisuke umntu oselula, nangona eneneni abantu abaye bafa ebudaleni. Byzantine ukupeyinta icon lihamba evela umfanekiso yokwenene yale yenziwayo kunye ubuso obungunaphakade zokubambelela imithetho ethile yokubhala imifanekiso yabangcwele.

utshintsho okuloba

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba kunye nophuhliso ubuKristu ngembalelwano utshintsho zehlabathi Fayum Mfanekiso uthatha indawo, kuba baba nengcinga umfanekiso wendoda kunye zokomoya ngokwandileyo kumanyelwe sokubetha. Abenzi bemeko-uBukhosi baseRoma utshintsho ebonakalayo kwimbono yehlabathi, ochazwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo ukwenza ifomu, wena ubabalweyo yakhiwe obungqabangqaba, kunokuba umthamo.

Enxibe portrait ubhalo lenkundla Fayum watshintsha stylistically, zokwazisela ifomu yabantu. UbuKristu, ovunywe kwinkulungwane IV eYiputa, eyeka umkhuba yabaqholiweyo kunye encaustic yokuzoba ngcembe ulibele, kunye yokuduka imifanekiso nokungcwaba.

Iimpawu portraits isiko

Ngokwesiseko imithetho ekungathethwayo yokudweba imifanekiso isiko, ezi mpawu zilandelayo okuluphawu eni lengcwaba kwexesha:

• Umthombo wokukhanya iphezulu, ilungelo kwicala uzibonayo ukuhlela le ubuso emthunzini.
• Head wajika iikota ezintathu-abahlala imifanekiso azinako bengekho.
• Kondela ngqo phezu ababukeleyo, kodwa hayi kwi iliso kumbonisi ngayo.
• Phezu ubuso azikho iimvakalelo ukuboniswa, amehlo-vula silusizi.
• portrait Imvelaphi - ezinombala, ukukhanya okanye igolide.
• Le asymmetry ye kumacala asekhohlo nasekunene ebusweni (iikona komlomo, iintshiyi, iindlebe engile ezahlukeneyo yaye amelwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo). Kukholelwa ukuba le umkhwa esitsha peyinta iinzame ukugqithisa kwingqiqo umfanekiso kubonisiwe.

Ekubeni lo mngcwabo mfanekiso (Fayum) yabhalwa nkqu naxa umntu ebomini, yaye mhlawumbi elide kwixesha waba yakhe endlwini, phantse bonke eveze kuwo kubonakala omncinane abantu. Emva kokufa umfanekiso liyinxalenye amabhandeji kukho Mama, entloko kuye isicelo ngobunono isidanga istensile yegolide, ebonisa ubomi obungunaphakade.

portraits omngcwabo njenge zibonakalisa lwamazinga fashion

imifanekiso omngcwabo - oku gallery wokwenene zobugcisa, ukudala umoya eyodwa inxaxheba umbukeli ngamnye kubugcisa enkulu, unika ulonwabo kubuhle. Ngokutsho eni Fayum ngokulula ukufumana ngendlela zamaGrike ixesha. Amadoda ezotywe ngengubo eqaqambileyo, nabafazi - ezinde ezibomvu, ezimhlophe okanye oluhlaza. Ubucwebe yobudala ethile, kanye iinwele. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba indlela ethile zokucela womzalwana kaKesare, ukuba zizakhele iindlela ezintsha iinwele nesimbo, ingakumbi amabhinqa, kodwa kweli phondo ukusuka ikomkhulu fashion bafikelela kancinci kakhulu.

yobuciko Museum of yobugcisa yehlabathi

Izazinzulu akukho eni ngaphezulu kwama-900 Fayum, ve andinakuyilibala waza waba elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kudidi zobugcisa. Kubonakala ukuba nkqu gallery encinane zobugcisa waphupha ilifa ubuncwane yamandulo ukunqulwa zomngcwabo ngamaYiputa amandulo. Ezi eni ngoku imali eninzi kakhulu kwi ngotyefezo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nomdla wabaqokeleli abucala lobugcisa isiko kwandisa ngonyaka ngamnye. Singasathethi inani elikhulu fakes kunye neekopi, kodwa imizobo ezineenkcukacha indlela imifanekiso omngcwabo anayenza umfanekiso izithethe imbonakalo post-wokufa.

Ezinye iziqwenga ezikhethekileyo esekhona ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ngoku zigcinwa kwi ingqokelela kwiimyuziyam behlabathi, kuquka i Pushkin. Kwiholo sobugcisa yamandulo inkcubeko yonke kwaye unomdla umzobo ngazo kubunzulu okukhulu ekudluliseni imifanekiso Fayum eni. Pushkin Museum e Moscow, ibamba imifanekiso ngaphezu kwama-20 yokungcwaba Ndiyabathanda ngubani ngokukodwa kufika izizwe. Lo mfanekiso edume umfana lubonisa handsome ngokwenene iimpawu isiduna njengomlilo Amalahle emehlweni. nembonakalo yakhe yonke icebisa sawo eshushu kunye nohlobo akulinikwanga kunye indibanisela imibala okungafani ngathi iimpompo ntshikilelo lwangaphakathi.

art Egyptian kuya kusoloko ubuncwane wokwenene lonke ixesha, kwaye eni Fayum, ixabiso yokuluka leyo aku- eziphakamileyo, zithathwa ukuba babe yobuciko ngokwenene. Zingakotshwa ngokuba isango, ivuleleke iinkosi elizayo iindlela ezintsha uyilo, njengoko kuchazwe nokudalwa icon baseByzantium.