AS Pushkin, "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty": uhlalutyo lombongo. Imbali yendalo

Ngowe-1836, uAlexander Sergeevich wasebenza kwijikelezo lwamatye kunye nelitye, lapapashwa emva kokufa kwakhe. UMnu Yu. ULotman ukholelwa ukuba imibongo emininzi kule ngqungquthela inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo kwintsika yePushkin kunye nesondlo sakhe somlomo. Kulo mjikelezo kukho ubuncinane imisebenzi eyi-6 (ubulungu bobanye abanye abuqali). Kule miba, iingoma ezine ziphawulwe ngamanani aseRoma. Umsebenzi esinomdla kuwo, "Ukusuka kwiPindemonty" (uhlobo lwembongo), ungena kulo mjikelo. Eminye emithathu "Amandla Ehlabathi," "Ukulinganisa amaTaliyane" kunye "nooBawo baseDangeni kunye nabafazi abangabonakaliyo." Kuzo zonke ezi zinto kukho impawu ezininzi zonqulo nezamaKristu. Nangona kunjalo, abakho kule vesi "Kusuka kwi-Pindemonty".

Imbali yokudalwa komsebenzi

Kuya kusinceda siqonde intsingiselo yayo. Yintoni esinokuyithetha ngomsebenzi onomdla kuthi? Umbongo othi "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonti", ukuhlalutya esiza kuqhuba namhlanje, kubhekisela kumsebenzi wokugqibela womlobi. Ingcamango yakhe yavela xa imbongi yayiseDacha ngaseSt. Petersburg, ngowe-1836. Ngaloo nyaka wavelisa ingcamango yakhe yembongo. Nangona kunjalo, bekude kube ngo-1855 ukuba umsebenzi ovela kwi-Pindemonty washicilelwa. Uhlalutyo lolo suku lubonisa ukuba u-Alexander Sergeevich wayengasaphila ngeli xesha (wafa ngo-1837). Ngaloo ndlela, lo msebenzi ushicilelwe emva kokufa kwakhe. Kwaye kwakungenxa yokuba iPushkin ayifuni ukuyiprinta. Ngokuchasene noko, wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kwakungekho umsebenzi "ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty". Uhlalutyo olwenziwa ngabaphandi emva kokufa kwakhe luvumela ukuba sitsho ukuba uAlexander Sergeevich ngenxa yaloo nto wayitshintsha igama lakhe.

Ingqungquthela ka-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Abaninzi abaphengululi bemihla ngemihla bakholelwa ukuba isihloko somsebenzi esinomdla kuzo sisisigxina. Akunanto enxulumene nesiqendu sevesi ngokwalo, ingcamango ethi "Ukusuka kwiPindemonty." Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba umbhalo obizwa ngokuba ngu-"ukusuka kuAlfred Musset", kodwa uPushkin wanquma ukutshintsha eli gama, kuba wayefuna ukubona umsebenzi opapashwe. Ukunyanzeliswa kwelo xesha kwakungayi kuphinda kuthethwe ngumbhali omkhulu wothando ovela eFransi. Isizathu singuqulelo lukaJulayi, okwenzeka ngo-1830. UNicholas andifuni ukwaziswa malunga nalo mmandla welizwe. Ngenxa yoko, u-Alexander Sergeevich wanquma ukutshintsha igama elidala, mhlawumbi egameni lomlobi waseFransi, esebenzisa igama lika-Ippolito Pindemont, umbongi waseNtaliyane.

Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba olu khetho lwenziwa kungekhona ngengozi. Ababini balaba babhali badibana nomxholo wenkululeko yothando. Ukongeza, bathetha ngokujongana nomntu onokwenyama. Nangona kunjalo, i-Ippolito Pindemont yayingaziwa ngabantu baseRussia, ngoko uPushkin wanquma ukusebenzisa igama lakhe emsebenzini "Ukusuka kwiPindemonte". Nangona ibali lixhomekeka, kunjalo, akunjalo. Kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba iingcamango ezinjalo (uthando lwenkululeko, ukudibana) zifana neendlela zokubhala, njengamaRoma. Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba bobabini baseNtaliyane kunye nabaFrentshi abanalo ukufana okufanayo no-Alexander Sergeevich. Bayaqaphela ukuba inkohlakalo yokulahleka ngamabango okufundwa koluntu yinkcazelo yamanga.

Ukubunjwa komsebenzi

Umbongo unokwahlukana kwiingxenye ezi-2 (ezinye zidibanisa i-3), ezichasene nomnye. Iqhawe elimnandi elithi "Kusuka kwiPindemonte" kwaye zombini kubo lithetha ngemilinganiselo yobomi bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuba umfundi kuqala adlule uluhlu lwamanqabana endima zoluntu kunye namaziko ezopolitiko. Sithetha malunga nokucandwa, iimfazwe, iirhafu. Oku kunika inkondlo i-classic touch. Umgaqo othi iPushkin usebenzise apha ubizwa ngokuba "ulwahlulo olunzulu".

Umgaqo wokwahlula ngokupheleleyo

Isiseko salo sisekelwe ekubeni iinjongo okanye umxholo ulwahlula kwisixa esiphezulu sezinto ezihlukeneyo, ezidweliswe kwinqanaba lezakhiwo ezihambelanayo. Lo mgaqo kwiingqungquthela uphawu lwesitayela seklasi, kodwa ufuzo oluhambisana nemfuyo ye-ancient lyric. Yayifumene neengqungquthela zaseRussia kwixesha likaPushkin, kodwa ligcinwa umbala wayo weklastiki. Umgaqo wesahlulo esipheleleyo awusetyenziswa kuphela kwinxalenye yokuqala. Yonke imbongo enomdla kuthi isakhelwe ngokupheleleyo kuyo. Kwimilo emine "izahlulo" yombhalo wonke. Okokuqala, iPushkin dwelisa into engayikhalazo ngayo, ngoko-ke, angafuni ukuxhomekeka kuye. Ngaphezu koko, u-Alexander Sergeyevich wathi akukho mntu uya kunika ingxelo, "kuphela kuye."

Inxalenye yesibini yombongo

Iimilinganiselo ezibonwe ngokuqinisekileyo zenziwa kwingxenye yesibini. Ukongezelela, enye yeengcamango eziphambili zembongo zichazwe apha. U-Pushkin uthi umntu akufanele "athandaze unembeza, okanye ingcinga, okanye intamo ngenxa yesilwanyana," "ngamandla."

U-Alexander Sergeyevich uxela ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana inkululeko yenyama nangokomoya, okungeke kuthatyathwe kuye ngabanye abantu okanye urhulumente. Wonke amanye amalungelo ngaphandle kwaloo nto ayinanto kwaye ayinyaniseki. Injabulo enkulu yeqhawe lomculo kukuba ngumntu onokumthanda imisebenzi yobugcisa, "ukumangalisa" "ubuhle bendalo."

Amanyano kunye nexesha elidlulileyo

NgokweS. A. Kibalnik, umgxeki owaziwayo olwabhaliweyo, kumsebenzi othi "Ukusuka ePindemonti" iPushkin isetyenziswe ngokucacileyo kwisigaba sokuqala. Bobabini kwinqanaba lomxholo kwaye kwinqanaba lefom (ivesi yase-Aleksandria) imibutho yexesha elidala lizalwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokuhlala kuphela kumgangatho wee-shade, ukuba ukususela kumxholo wolu msebenzi kwakungekho nxulumano lwangaphambili. UAlexander Sergeyevich uvikela ilungelo lomntu wonk 'inkululeko yangaphandle nangaphakathi. Uyancoma ubumnandi bobugcisa, ukunxibelelana nendalo. Konke oku kuchasene nomnqweno wamandla, umnqweno wokulangazelela ukunikela ubomi bakhe kwinkonzo karhulumente. Kwimisebenzi kaHorace, imbongi yasendulo yamaRoma, kukho iingcamango ezifanayo.

Isibheno sePushkin ekudaleni kweHorace

Imisebenzi yakhe yayinomdla kuPushkin kwiminyaka yokufunda eLyceum. Zonke iinjongo ezibhalwe apha ngasentla zinemibongo yesiRashiya ye-1800-1810. Ingakumbi, malunga neengoma ze-lyceum zika-Alexander Sergeevich, ezifana ne "Dreamer", "iKapa", "Umyalezo kuYudin." I-Pushkin ngexesha lokuqala lomsebenzi wakhe wenza umfanekiso wesibongo se-Epicuretic, kunokuba sinemeko. Isithethe sombongo weHorace satshatyalaliswa nguye ngokukhawuleza. I-Pushkin kwiminyaka ye-1830 yayihlala iphendukele ngqo kwimpumelelo yexesha elidlulileyo. Utshintshile kwiimpawu zesiGrike kunye neyesiGrike ukuze aphile kwimifanekiso ephilileyo, esuka kwisiFrentshi eyenziwe ngo-Horace kwisibongo sakhe.

Ukuziphendukela kwePushkin ekuqondeni ifa elidala loHorace

Ukusondeza kumsebenzi walo mbhali, uchaze kumsebenzi othi "Ukusuka kuPindemonti" iimvakalelo zangaphambili zika-Alexander Sergeevich. Umlingani wendinyana ude kakhulu kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo, kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukucinga ukubuyela kule nkcubeko, ixesha elingapheliyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngomsebenzi wobuciko ka-Alexander Sergeevich kwiminyaka ye-1830, kubaluleke kakhulu ukujongana ngqo neengqungquthela zengoma (mandulo nangona oku kusebenza ngokukodwa kwiinguqulelo) kunokuba ukwazi kakuhle iinjongo kunye nemifanekiso kwi-prism yezibongo zanamhlanje. Ukutshintsha kwePushkin ekuqondeni ifa lokudala lomlobi omkhulu waseRoma uvela kwiimpawu zamandulo eziqhelekileyo ukuya kwimifanekiso ekhonkco, ngokuxelisa iHorace kwindlela yesiFrentshi kumlobi ngokwakhe. Ewe, uAlexandro Sergeyevich wabhala wathi "ndakhele isikhumbuzo kum ..." emva kweenyanga ezili-1.5 emva kokudalwa kwembongo. Inguqulelo ye-ode yomlobi waseRoma "KuPompey Varu" ibhekisela ku-1835. Ngaphambili, ngo-1833, u-Alexander Sergeevich wasebenza ekuguquleleni kwelinye i-ode ukuya eHorace- "ukuya kumaMaecenas." Nangona kunjalo, ukugqibela kwezinto ezidwelisweyo akuzange kugqitywe. I-Pushkin iguqulelwe iinguvesi ezisibhozo kuphela kwi-36. Nangona kunjalo, kwaye ngokwemiqathango encinci, umntu unokufumana ukufana okufanayo kwalo msebenzi kunye nomxholo othi "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty".

Ukufana kwindinyana ethi "Ukusuka ePindemonti" kunye ne-ode ukuya eHorace "KwiiMaecenas"

Ngokuhambelana nokuqala komsebenzi weHorace (ekuguquleleni "oonyana bamaKumkani, iiMaecenas ...") sithetha ngezifiso zabantu, eziye zahluke kumbongi. Sibona okufanayo kwimbongo ethi "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty". U-Pushkin uthetha ngamalungelo abantu, angayifuni nento awayixabanga ngayo yonke into.

Enye ingozi eyenzekayo ingabonwa. EHorace, umnqweno wokuba ukhethiweyo kwisihlwele esingenakuxhamla sihlanganiswe ngu: umkhwa womsebenzi wezolimo, ukunyamekela ekuphumeni kokuphila, ukuzilibazisa ngokuzingela, umnqweno wokuzikhangela kwinqaba, ukuthanda ukuhamba kwezilwandle ezikude. Ekupheleni, sibona inkcaso yefilosofi yobomi bezinto zobomi balo mbhali kwabanye.

Iimpawu zemihla ngemihla yemisebenzi nguPushkin noHorace

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuyaqatshelwa ukuba ukubunjwa kwembongo "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty" kufana nokubunjwa kwe-ode ebhalwe nguHorace. Kwimbongo yaseRoma, inxalenye yokuqala yomsebenzi, njengaleyo ngu-Alexander Sergeevich, yenziwe ngokusemthethweni ngokuhlukana ngokupheleleyo. Kuyo, uHoratiyo uthetha ngomnqweno wabanye abantu. UAlexandre Sergeevich uthetha ngamalungelo, kodwa malunga nalawo, ngaphandle kwabo abanye, abafuna, ngabo, abavela kuye ngaphandle kwentloko enye. Umbhali wenkondlo ethi "Ukusuka kwiPindemonti" iqala isisusa esisodwa kuphela kwii-Horace: unomsebenzi wombuso, amandla. Umlobi waseRoma ujika ngokukhawuleza ukuvakalisa iziphakamiso zakhe. U-Alexander Sergeevich ulandelwa ukuvakaliswa kwamalungelo "aphakamileyo". Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, "inzuzo" yomsebenzi esinomdla kuyo, umntu unokufumana ukufana kweenjongo zokuzonwabisa ngobugcisa kunye nemvelo.

Umehluko phakathi komsebenzi wePushkin ukusuka eHorace Ode

Ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango jikelele, e-Pushkin yinto eyahlukileyo. Ngokuphambene neenjongo ezininzi zabantu, uHorace wayekholelwa ukuba indlela kuphela eyayiyoyifumana ngayo injabulo yindlela yokwakha imbongo. Nangona kunjalo, u-Alexander Sergeevich "ulonwabo" luyinkululeko. Ufuna ukunikela "akukho bani ingxelo", "ukukhonza nokukholisa" kuphela. Konke oko kubonisa ukuba zombini inkqubo yokufuzisela kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-Ode Horace ukuya kumaMaecenas yayisetyenziswa nguAlexander Sergeevich emsebenzini wakhe Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty. I-Pushkin, nangona kunjalo, ayizange iphendule kwindalo yombongo waseRoma. Kungenzeka, ukubunjwa kunye nemifanekiso ye-ode ukususela ngo-1833 igcinwe kwimemori yakhe (ngelixa isebenza ekuguquleleni).

Ukubhekisela kwi "Hamlet"

Ukongeza kwiHorace, inkondlo ethi "Ukusuka kwiPindemonty" isithumela kwi "Hamlet" kaShakespeare. Umbuzo wokuphindaphinda kabini "igama" kwimbongo yePushkin. U-Alexander Sergeyevich usebenzisa xa echaza malunga nendlela amandla anxulumene ngayo nomsebenzi wabantu beencwadi. Nangona kunjalo, amagama angenanto akwenziwe ookumkani, kunye nabantu abangafundanga.

"Ukusuka kwiPindemonty": imbono

Umsebenzi wePushkin uquka ukubonisa uthando ngenkululeko, ekuchaseni uxinzelelo olwenziwa ngamaziko ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Kwindinyana ethi "Ukusuka kwiPindemonti" isethi yonke yemilinganiselo yobomi ka-Alexander Sergeevich inikwe. "Abantu" kunye "namandla", njengamashishini aphantsi, aphikisana nokudala izinto zobugcisa kunye nobuhle bemvelo. Umlobi akafuni ukukhonza urhulumente kwaye uyashumayeza le ngoma yakhe ethi "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty", intsingiselo yayo yayicacile kakhulu kubo bonke, kuquka i-tsar. I-Pushkin ayiqondi isizathu sokuba umntu akhonze uhulumeni. Ngokwemvelo, inkondlo apho ingcamango enjalo yayibonakalisiwe, kwaye kwaze kwacaca, ayikwazanga ukuphoswa kweenkcukacha. Nokuba utshintsho lwegama aluzange luncedise iPushkin, kuphela ukutshintsha komlawuli owamdlalayo. Ngo-1855, uAlexander II wenyuka etroneni. Umbongo othi "Ukusuka kwiPindemonti", unyaka wokupapashwa kwawo-1855, wenziwa ngokukhawuleza kuluntu.

Akunabo malunga "neFrentshi" ukulwa nenkululeko yezopolitiko kunye neyakho, kwaye nangaphantsi kwe "Italiyane" ingumbongo onomdla kuthi. Isiqulatho sawo senza umxholo waseRashiya, oye wahlala ixesha elide kwiindawo zika-Alexander Sergeevich. Le yimixholo yokuhamba kweqhawe eliyingqungquthela evela kummandla wokubambisana kunye nokungabikho kwamalungelo, oko kukuthi, ukuchaswa nokukhanyela lo bukumkani.

"Ukusuka kwiPindemonty" kunye ne "Amandla Ehlabathi"

Ukuba siphendukela kwinto enye, ukucaciswa kwalo mbono kuthethwa ngakumbi. Ukongeza kwi "Pindemonti," ngoJulayi 5, 1936 I-Pushkin yagqitywa "Amandla omhlaba." Lo msebenzi ungowona obaluleke kakhulu ku-Alexander Sergeevich ukususela kwintando yenkohlakalo. Ukuqwalaselwa kombhali kwabonakala kubonakala kungenanto ebalulekileyo. Ecaweni, mhlawumbi eyingxowankulu ye-capital yaseRashiya, amagunya ayala ababethi ababini ngesibhamu ukuba babekwe esiphambanweni. Kwakudingeka ukwenza oku ukuze kuphephe ukudideka. Nangona kunjalo, iPushkin yabona kule ndlela eyahlukileyo - ukubonakalisa ukunyaniseka nokunyaniseka kwamandla obukhosi, okuza kubakho abantu beNkosi ngisho nangemihla yenkolo.

Ezi zibini zale mibongo, zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, zizalisana. Ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo uAlexander Sergeevich uyayichasa inkqubo yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko eziye zanqoba ngelo xesha. U-Pushkin uyaqhubeka nomzabalazo wakhe wenkululeko phantsi kokunyanzeliswa, ngomoya "weengoma zakhe zangaphambili." Ukhusela bobabini noluntu ukuzimela. UPushkin uyayiqonda inkululeko njengengcamango yehlabathi.

I-syntax yomsebenzi

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-syntax, siyaqaphela ukuba iingxelo ezimfutshane, iimpawu zokuqala komsebenzi, zahluke kwizakhiwo ezintathu-ntetho ezinikezelwe ekupheleni kwayo. Yingakho isandi esincinci sokuhlaziywa kwamacandelo obomi kufuphi nePushkin, kwaye uludwe lweentshaba zenkululeko, ngokuchaseneyo, ngokubanzi nakwezinye.

Umsebenzi "ovela kwi-Pindemonti", umxholo wawo uhlala ufanelekileyo, uthanda abantu abaninzi, ngakumbi isizukulwana esincinane. Emva koko, abatsha abantu banomnqweno wenkululeko, ukuphika igunya. Ingqungquthela ethi "Ukusuka kwi-Pindemonty" ifakwe kwikharityhulam yeekharityhulam ezinyanzelekileyo. Ifundisa isizukulwana esincinane sokuzimela kunye nexabiso eliyinyaniso.