Fort "Alexander 1" ("Isibetho"): inkcazelo, imbali, indlela yokufumana

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-10 eyadlulayo, ngomhla ka-Ephreli ka-2004, abahlali baseSt. Petersburg babethukisiwe ngxelo yokufumana. Enye yezinqaba zaseKronstadt, okuyi-fort "uAlexandro 1", ixesha elide ligcinwa liyimfihlelo yalo eyoyikisayo ngendlela ye-bulb glass bulb. Kwinqanawa yasendulo eneleta yesiLatin "T", i-scorpion kunye neengubo zobukhosi, izixhobo ezinqabileyo.

Fumana

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko umgcini ofumene lo mbhalo wazama ukuyithengisa, ukuwubeka kwisitishi phantsi kwegama elithi "isibetho kwi-tube test". Kwaye, ngokwemvelo, banomdla ngokukhawuleza kumagunya anegunya. I-ampoule ibanjwe.

Kodwa njani inqaba yolwandle kunye ne-ampoule kunye nequlatho edibeneyo ixhunyiwe?

Malunga nesibetho

Isikhulu nesibetho sokuqala esiye sasiqhelana nesibetho se-6th AD. EYurophu, ngaphantsi kolawulo lukaMbusi Justinian I. Phakathi nekhulu le-14 leminyaka isibetho sazibonakalisa, sihamba kunye neenqwelo zasolwandle kunye neendlela zasolwandle ezisuka e-Asia ukuya eYurophu, endleleni eyahlukana nemizi ebusweni bomhlaba. Waya eRashiya. Kwaye malunga nabantu abayizigidi ezingama-75 babulawa "ukufa okumnyama".

Ingqungquthela yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke yayiye ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. E-Russia babesazi malunga nokunyuka kweengxaki kwaye bazama ukuyilungiselela.

Ukuveliswa kwezilungiso zokuqala zezibetho kugqityiwe ukuba kwenziwe ngaphandle kweSt. Petersburg, kodwa kamva, besaba ukuba i-virus ebulalayo iyahlula, uphando lwasuswa ngakumbi kwinqaba "uAlexander 1". Kwaye ngoku kunzima ukufika apho: ehlobo emanzini, nasebusika - kwiqhwa leGulf of Finland.

Uphi i-fort "uAlexander 1"

Oku kunomdla kakhulu. Kwinquma elisentshonalanga-ntshona yesiqithi saseKotlin, e-Gulf of Finland, i-5 km ukusuka eKronstadt yinqaba elahliwe "uAlexander 1". Phantse kwiminyaka engama-200 edlulileyo, i-Navy yanquma ukuqinisa iqela lasezantsi lase-Kronstadt. Ngowe-1838, inqaba ekhuselayo yaqala phantsi kolawulo lukaKolonel-General Fan der Weid. Ngendlela yayo, isakhiwo sifana nesinyosi esinomlinganiselo wee-90 × 60 metres. Izibhamu eziyi-150, eziku-3 emithathu ye-fort, zinikezela ngokukhusela i-360 . Kwaye ngaphakathi kwakho ungafaka isigxina samawaka eenkampu.

"UAlexander 1" yinqaba eKronstadt, Yakhiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10. Kwisiseko sawo kwakunemibhobho ye-larch 12-meter, efunwa ngaphezu kwe-5000. Isikhala phakathi kwabo sasinxweme kunye namatye. Izindonga zetena zangaphandle, ezijongene ne-granite, zazinamitha amathathu. Iibhloko ze-granite zenziwe kwaye zatshintshwe endaweni, kwi-forte ngokwazo. Ama-ruble angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5 abelwe kwi-treasury karhulumente kulolu lwakhiwo.

Ngo-1842, ngo-Agasti 14, uMbusi uNiclaslas wandwendwela kwinqaba "uAlexander 1".

Inkcazo yenqaba

Ngo-1845, ngoJulayi 27, kwakukho ukuvula nokukhanya kwe-fort, egama lingu-Alexander ". Iintonga ezininzi - "UPaul I", "uPeter I", "Kronslot", ibhetri "uConstantine", kunye kunye nabo "uAlexandria I" - yenze isithintelo esingenakunqandeka kwindlela yeenqwelo zeentshaba kwaye ikhusele i-fairway kunye neenqwelo zomlilo.

I-forte yayinezixhobo ezinamandla ezine-intshi ezili-11, kwaye zonke iindlela ezazisondela kuyo zachithwa. Kodwa nantsi into ephazamisayo: ngokuba "ubomi" bakhe obuneminyaka engama-200 ubudala obuvela kwinqaba abuzange bushushu.

Ngowe-1860, ngokufika kwezixhobo zamandla amatsha, izindonga ezi-3-meter zazingasayi kuba ngumkhuseli othembekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1896, umyalelo wezempi wasayinwa nguMphathiswa weMfazwe, ngaphandle kwee-Forts "Perth I", "Kronslot" kunye no "Alexander I" ukusuka kwisakhiwo sokukhusela. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu ipapasho elitsha lemfihlo lavulwa ebomini kwinqaba, apho i-ampoule ebulalayo yayixhunyiwe.

Ukuvela kwebhubhoratri

Ukuthintela nokulawula isibetho, ngoJanuwari 1897, ngomyalelo kaNicholas II, ikhomishini ekhethekileyo yenziwe, iholwa nguNgqongqoshe wezeMali uWitte kunye nePrince Oldenburg. Yayiyinkosana eyayixhasa i-laboratory, yafumana indawo eyimimandla kunye neendawo ezikude - inqaba "uAlexander 1". Ngaloo nyaka, kwafunyanwa imvume evela kumlawuli weqonga laseKronstadt kunye noMphathiswa weMfazwe. Emva koko, i-fort yadluliselwa kwi-Institute of Medicine Experiment. Oku kwakuyimbonelo: okokuqala ngethuba i-patron yabelwe iimali zokuqhuba uphando lwezesayensi, ukusuka kwi-molecular ukuya kwinqanaba labantu. Kwakungekho mfanekiso kwiziko elinjalo naphina: kungekho eRussia, okanye kwihlabathi.

Le yileyayibrari yokuqala yokuqala kunye neyodwa yokulwa nesibetho eRashiya: ke izakhamuzi zaseKronstadt zatshitshisa ngisho nemimoya ephuma apho, kwaye i-laboratory ngokwayo yayibizwa ngegama elithi "I-Plague Plague".

Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, izidakamizwa ezahlukahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukuphatha isifo: zacinywa kunye neviniga, igalikhi. Amayeza angaphandle ayenziwa: intliziyo yesikhumba, isikhumba senyoka kunye nophondo lwe-unicorn. Iphulo elihle kakhulu lalivumba lebhokhwe. Oogqirha ngelo xesha bembatha izikhonkwane zangaphandle zesikhumba ukuze bazikhusele kwisifo. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba lowo wayekade ehluphekileyo eso sifo, okwesibini akuzange kugula. Abantu abanjalo babekhathalela abagulayo baze bahlambulule izidumbu zabafileyo.

Kwakulo xesha elijikeleze ihlabathi ukuba ukufunyanwa kwezigulane ezithathelwanayo zezifo ezazisasazekayo zaqala ukuvela: ULouis Pasteur eFransi waqalisa ukukhusela igciwane lokulwa neerbix kunye ne-anthrax; URobert Koch waseJamani wenza iimvavanyo zakhe eziyingozi nge-bacillus ye-tubercle; U-Ilya Mechnikov wasebenza kwi-theory of immunity. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1894 ama-britriologists aseFransi naseJapan awakwaJersen A. kunye noSibasaburo K. bafumanisa i-wand epilisi.

Iminyaka emine kamva, inqaba "Isibetho" sinebhubhoratri. Apha kwaziswa oogqirha abaneentsapho, abasebenzi benkonzo. Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zahanjiswa kwaye zahlanganiswa. Isangqa esithile esinqinqiweyo sabantu singangena kwi-fort, kwaye ukuxhamla phakathi kweKronstadt kunye nebhubhoratri kwagcinwa ngoncedo lomqhubi omncinci, "i-Microbe." Kwakuyiziko elizimeleyo elizimeleyo, elinazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukufumana ubomi obupheleleyo.

Kwi-laboratory ekhethekileyo, oogqirha baxakeke kungekuphela nje ukuvelisa isitofu sokugonywa kwesigxina: izifo zezifo ezibulalayo zazihlala zikhutshwa kwi-foci ehlukeneyo. Oogqirha nsuku zonke ababandakanyeka ngokulwa nababulali abancinci ukuphucula nokuphucula iziyobisi ezintsha. Kungekudala kwakukho izitofu zokulwa ne-typhus, i-tetanus ne-k'holera. Kodwa eyona yingozi kakhulu yayisisifo.

Vivarium kunye nokugonya

Kwintsipho yayifumaneka i-vivarium, apho kwakukho izilwanyana zokulinga: ihagu zeginea, iinkizane, iirbhi kunye neerati. Ngokweememori zabantu bexesha, iikamela kunye ne-reindeer zaziswa kwi-fort. Kodwa isilwanyana esibalulekileyo esakhupha isitofu sasiyihashe. Ngomgca wesibini kwakukho izitishi apho amahashe angama-16 abekwe khona. Abaninzi babo bahlakulele isitofu sokulwa nesibetho iminyaka emininzi.

Ukuze ufumane isitofu sokugonywa, unobuthakathaka, kodwa izilwanyana eziphilayo zafakwa kwigazi lezilwanyana. Umzimba waqala ukumelana nezenzo zabo kunye nokukhuselwa komzimba. Kwakuvela egazini elinjalo ukuba isitofu sagonywa ukujoba abantu abagulayo kwikamva. Umngcipheko woogqirha kunye nososayensi basebenza kwinqaba kwakufanelekile: iziyobisi eziphuhliswe ngabo, zayeka ezininzi izifo zesifo. Ngomnyaka we-1908 ikholera yamiswa eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1910 - isibetho kwiphondo laseVolga, eMpuma Ekude, eOdessa naseTranscaucasia, ngo-1919 - i-typhus e-Petrograd.

Intlawulo yesitofu

Ngo-1904, ngoJanuwari 7, uPetersburg wamothuka ngokufa kwentloko encinane yebhubhoratri ekhethekileyo, uDkt. VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnyevich, owafa ngesibetho se-bubonic. Ukubona kwangaphambili isiphumo esibulalayo, u-Vladislav Ivanovich wanyusa ukutshisa. Intando yakhe yokugqibela yazaliseka.

Emva kweminyaka engama-3, omnye ugqirha wasweleka, uManul Schreiber, naye wesibetho. Ugqirha ogulayo ovule isidumbu sikaSchreiber, oogxa bakhe bakwazi ukuzivikela "ngokufa komnyama". Kuze kube ngoku, akukho namnye owaziyo ngqo ukuba bangaphi oogqirha banikela ubomi babo ngokufumana isitofu, kwaye apho umlotha wabo uphumla khona.

Kwindawo yokuvumba, eyakhiwe kwinqaba yokutshisa izidumbu zezilwanyana ezigulayo, abantu babeshushu.

Yintoni e-ampoule

Kwisiko seMicrothelo yoVavanyo kukhona urn emlonyeni we-VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnyevich, udluliselwe apho esuka kwinqaba ngo-1920, xa i-laboratory ekhethekileyo ivaliwe.

I-ampoule, efunyenwe ngo-2004, ithathwa njengomboniso omncinane kumyuziyam weziko. Mhlawumbi, ngaphakathi kungumgudu wokugonywa, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ngokuqinisekileyo. Incwadi yesiLatini ethi "T" ithetha ukuthini kwaye i-scorpion ebonakaliswe kwiglasi? Akukho datha malunga nale, nakwii-archives zeziko.

Ukufumanisa oko kuthululwa kwi-ampoule, kufuneka ivule kwaye iphandwe. Kubiza kakhulu, kwaye akukho mntu uzimisele ukukwenza. Ukuba i-ampoule ivuliwe, iya kulahleka ixabiso layo, ngoko ke yathunyelwa kwi-regiment yemyuziyam. Ngasemva kwalo kufumaneka ibhotile efanayo, ifunyenwe kwiminyaka eyi-15 ngaphambili, nayo iqulethi engaziwayo.

Ukuvalwa kwe-fort

Ngomnyaka we-1918, i-fort yachithwa, izixhobo zazisasazwa kwaye zithunyelwa kuSaratov, kwiziko elisekwa "Microbe".

Kwiminyaka ye-1920, kwakungekho naluphi ulandelelwano lwebhoratri kwi-Plague. I-fort yachithwa nge-parafini kwaye yavutha umlilo ukuze ikhuphe intsholongwane.

Ngexesha leMfazwe yesiBini yeSizwe, inqaba kwakhona yavuka ukuze isebenze i-Fatherland. Apha ayenze "iipotyi zethukela," inxalenye encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo yemigodi yamanzi.

Ngethuba lokubusa kweKhroshchev, abaphangi baqeshwe kwaye bafezekisa zonke izitye, kwaye ke ngoko wafumana ukubonakala kwakhe kwangoku. Ukususela ekugqibeleni ngokupheleleyo kugcinwe idumela elibi.

Fort Alexander 1 - njani ukuya khona?

Ngenye ihlobo e-fort bayabamba "iRave Party" - idixis idibene. Iikholamu ezinkulu zifakwe kwintendelezo, iziphumo zokukhanyisa zilungisiwe. Iindwendwe ziya kwi-fort ngamanzi, ngesikebhe.