Grand INkosana Lithuania Vytautas: engobomi, izibakala umdla, ezopolitiko basekhaya, ukufa

Umhla ochanileyo wokuzalwa awaziwa Vytautas. Kwiinkcazo zamabanga yeembali mbali baye kwisigqibo ukuba wazalwa malunga 1350. I-Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas wayengunyana nanzalo ka UAlgirdas Keistut ekuzalweni kwaye akazange athi namandla phezu kurhulumente. indawo akhe amakhulu phakathi bakhaya, waqiqa iminyaka emininzi kwiimfazwe ezininzi yoluntu amazwe.

Race amandla

Ngowe-1377 umalume wakhe wafa Vytautas, Grand INkosana Lithuania UAlgirdas. Power wadlulela ukuba unyana wakhe Jagiello. Keystut leyo Troki Duke, yena wavuma umtshana aphezulu wabuyela amatyala akhe ongxamisekileyo - anti-Catholic Omnqamlezo esekwe kwi yeBaltic odolo zazo emkhosini. Jagiello, Noko ke, esoyika ngumalume wakhe. Ukongeza, eli nani lenyuswa laya icebiso clinical uqikelelo.

Jagiello waya umfelandawonye Crusaders ukuze bazisunduze Keistut ilifa lakhe. Kungekudala imfazwe yamakhaya, apho yazinyaswa yi-Grand Duke elizayo Lithuania Vytautas. Ngowe-1381 kunye noyise, woyisa Jagiello. Kęstutis ngokufutshane waba ngumlawuli lonke eli lizwe, yaye Vytautas - yindlalifa yakhe.

impi yombango

Sele kunyaka olandelayo - ngo-1382, e Lithuania, imvukelo wasityhobozela Keistut norhulumente. Kunye ne Vytautas bambamba waza ekrwitshiweyo entolongweni. Nyana wabaleka waya domain Order leTeutonic. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, Poland kunye Lithuania wangena umanyano, ngaloo ndlela ngempumelelo zadityaniswa bengatshatanga. Jagiello bafudukela ikomkhulu lakhe Krakow. Ke Vytautas ezenziwe umzala ukubuyela Grand Duchy emalunga namaLungelo kwirhuluneli.

Nangona kunjalo, le mpi ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwabo kwaqhambuka ngamandla ukuba kuqale. Vytautas kwakhona kwafuneka ukuba abalekele Omnqamlezo, lowo waphila iminyaka emithathu ukulungiselela ukubuyela lobungangamsha ezweni lakhe. Ngowe-1392-m, emva kokuba uthotho amadabi abazalwana zisayine isivumelwano ostrów. Grand INkosana Lithuania Vytautas waphinda wabuyela isihloko. Ngokusemthethweni, wavuma ngokwakhe ekhonza yokumkani Polish, kodwa ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba ngo-1392 Umhla wokuqala kwayo de facto ukuzimela yeBhodi.

Amaphulo nxamnye Tartars

Emva kweMfazwe Civil, Vytautas akwazi ekugqibeleni sinikele ingqalelo iintshaba zangaphandle Lithuania. Kwi imida esemazantsi ilizwe lakhe erhangqwe phezu emathafeni, leyo phantsi kolawulo nangezinto. Ngo-1395 i-khan iGolden mkhosi Tokhtamysh lahluleka ephehlayo yi umkhosi Tamerlane kaThixo. Wabaleka ke Vilna, befuna yokusabela apho.

Ntoni kule meko yenza Vytautas? Grand Duke of Lithuania, ogama engobomi ngumzekelo i alimwi esebenzayo ngubani walwa nabo bonke abamelwane yingozi, ayikwazanga ndiphoswe ithuba enjalo. Yena afihla Tokhtamysh waza waqalisa ukuqokelela amajoni ukuba behlasela elizayo kwi emathafeni. Ngowe-1397, umkhosi lo yenene wawela Don yaye, ngaphandle kokudibana nokumelana ezizodwa, ngokubaphanga abahambi yaye watshabalalisa AmaTatar yokupaka. Xa Wanciphisa hlokondiba wagqiba imfazwe amathuba ngokucacileyo ezazingekho inceba yakhe. Lithuanians woyisa emathafeni wathabatha ngaphezu kwewaka amabanjwa.

Kodwa akazange ayeke Vytautas - Grand Duke of Lithuania. iinyani ezinika umdla malunga eCrimea yamnyanzela ukuba aye usingasiqithi unexplored, apho abasemathanga baza baqhubeka ubutyebi iintshaba zabo Tokhtamysh. umkhosi lokuqala Lithuanian zange yakhwela kude kumhlaba wotshaba. Vytautas wayenethemba impumelelo yakhe waphefumlela Pope ukuba ukwazisa pan-European elwela nxamnye nangezinto. Ukuba ngokwenene iphulo aqokelelweyo okunjalo kwaqala yaye yaphela ngempumelelo, inkosana akwazi ukubala kwisihloko asebukhosini ukwanda kakhulu kwi imimandla empumalanga.

Battle of the Vorskla River

Noko ke, yenkolo phantsi ukusekelwa eRoma ayizange yenzeke. Ngelo xesha, nangezinto bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zangaphakathi bayamanyana ukuze ndimaphule iintshaba Koloni. Emathafeni ekhokelwa Han Timur Qutlugh kunye temnik Yedigei. Kwahlanganisana umkhosi omkhulu kwamashumi amawaka amajoni.

Yintoni phikisa kwaye ngubani ahlanganise phantsi kwebhanile layo Vytautas - Grand Duke of Lithuania? ezopolitiko Domestic irhuluneli wamvumela ukuba ukufumana kwizibhambathiso phakathi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yoluntu Lithuanian. Kwindawo yokuqala phambi kwakhe byi lobudlelwane nabantu Orthodox Russian abahlala kummandla enkulu kweli lizwe. Vytautas banakekela aba bantu kunye neerhuluneli zabo, ngaloo ndlela bakwazi ukufumana igama elihle.

iingcinga zakhe ngephulo yokohlwaya nxamnye AmaTatar zazibonakala nje kuphela kubemi balo Orthodox, kodwa ezinye iinkosana ezizimeleyo Russian. Kunye ne Vytautas wavuma ukujongana kwirhuluneli ESmolensk. uncedo naye evela ePoland kwaye uMyalelo leTeutonic. La amaKatolika wavuma ukwenza sibambisene nxamnye emathafeni. Ekugqibeleni, kunye Vytautas baba AmaTatar enyanisekile Tokhtamysh.

Umkhosi wabantu ezimalunga nama-40 amawaka wenza empumalanga ngo 1399. Kwidabi senzeka kwi Vorskla River - isebe Dnieper. Vytautas umkhosi kuqala lasungula ekhubekisayo, waze wakwazi ukuba ucinizele nangezinto. Noko ke, isiqingatha amadlelo yesibini engaphambili wathabatha kushenxa emana squad Lithuanian. Okwangoku obalulekileyo i AmaTatar wabetha Ezomva amaKristu, nizihlabe ukuba emlanjeni. Idabi yaphela nya. Vytautas ngokwakhe walimala wasinda. Emva kwale ukungaphumeleli, kwafuneka ukuba alibale ukwandiswa emathafeni kunye nesihloko bakomkhulu. Ekulweni babulala Russian kwaye Lithuanian iinkosana ezininzi: Polotsk iirula, Bryansk kunye ESmolensk.

Le manyano entsha Poland

Emva kokoyiswa kwi Vorskla Vytautas amandla lwalusongelwa. Waphelelwa oluninzi abaxhasi, ngoxa e Lithuania waqinisa imbangi yakhe entsha. Baba Svidrigaylo Olgerdovich - lo umninawa ka-Prince Jagiello kunye Vitebsk. Kwezi meko, Vytautas wagqiba ukungena imanyano entsha Poland. Ekupheleni kuka-1400, wadibana ne Jagiello kufuphi Grodno, apho yasebukhosini basayine uxwebhu, apho ziphawulwe kwinqanaba elitsha kuphuhliso lobudlelwane of Krakow kunye Vilnius.

Yintoni kakuhle eli isivumelwano kwaye kutheni na kubaluleke kangaka? Jagiello ingqalelo ubunini ebomini Vytautas Lithuania, leyo ndihluthwe ngempumelelo Svidrigaylo nawaphi na amalungelo etroneni. umzabalazo kwakhe into ngamampunge yaye ngokuqinisekileyo self-ngowakho. Kuba inxenye yawo, i-Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas emva kokufa kwakhe lathembisa Kwathi itrone ku Jogaila, okanye ezihlangwini zakhe. Ukuba akunjalo, yaye itrone Lithuania wayeza ukuhambisa abantu abanyulwe ukuba ivoti basebukhosini. Ngelo xesha linye i izibonda aqinisekisiwe amalungelo alinganayo Russian Orthodox izinduna. Esi sivumelwano yabizwa ngokuba Pact Vilnius kunye Radom.

Impixano ne kartel leTeutonic

Imfazwe ezilahlekileyo kunye AmaTatar akomelela, kodwa hayi ngenxeba obulalayo. Kungekudala Vytautas nxeba kulo. Xa iziko ingqalelo sakhe ubudlelwane kunye Order leTeutonic. Zokholo amashumi ezininzi izwe lathathwa Lithuania kunye ePoland, ngoxa benza kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Ngoku kwiikumkani babehlangene, yaye ngoko, phambi kwabo luvula amathuba elungelelanisiweyo imisebenzi eManyeneyo nxamnye Order leTeutonic.

Vytautas wayenomdla ekubuyeni Samogitians ilizwe Jagiello wayefuna ukubuyela Mpuma Pomerania kunye Helminskuyu kunye Michalowski ilizwe. Imfazwe yaqala kwimvukelo in Samogitia. ukubusa Awonelisekanga leTeutonic inkxaso Vytautas. Grand Duke of Lithuania, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane na uthotho amaphulo zomkhosi oluqhubekekayo, wagqiba ukuba le yeyona ndlela inamathuba ehlasela kuhlaselwa Crusaders.

Iphulo lokulwa i-Order leTeutonic

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala imfazwe omabini wenza uthingaza. Impumelelo kuphela enkulu nezibonda kwaye Lithuanians yaba lokufakwa inqaba Bydgoszcz. kungekudala iqela wenza umnqophiso woxolo. Noko ke, kwaba siphila ixesha elifutshane, ekubeni isiqabu kufuneka abachasi ekudibaniseni oovimba bayo. Master of the Order Ulrich von Yunginen wacela inkxaso ye-Hungarian ukumkani Sigizmunda Lyuksemburga. Enye anikwe amaJamani baba mercenaries amazwe. Ngexesha kut- impi yenko- waba umkhosi ubungakanani kubantu abangama-60 amawaka.

umkhosi Polish kwa- kankosi, beza wamajoni ngemizimba yabo. Lithuanians abaxhasa Czechs. bekhokelwa Yan Zhizhka - inkokeli elizayo odumileyo Hussite. Saba kwicala Vytautas kunye icala Russian, kuquka iTshawe Novgorod Lengvenis. Xa namahlakani ibhunga emkhosini baye bagqiba ukuya iindlela zabo Woyahlulela i Marienburg - ikomkhulu Order leTeutonic. mfelandawonye kwafuneka malunga elingana amabutho enkolo (malunga 60,000 ngabantu).

impi Grunwald

Ukuba kwinqanaba lokuqala zemfazwe Knights German ahlasela iPoland, ngoku nezibonda kwaye Lithuanians ngokwabo bawabulala nabemfuyo uMyalelo. July 15, 1410 kwakukho kwidabi IMfazwe Enkulu (njengoko wabizwa yeembali Lithuanian). Allied mkhosi wayalela yi Jagiello ne Vytautas. Grand Duke of Lithuania, photo ogama mfanekiso kuzo zonke incwadi ngembali zamaxesha aphakathi yaseYurophu, kakade banentsomi phakathi kwabantu bexesha lakhe. Bonke abantu bakubo, kwaye neentshaba zakhe iyayithanda ubenokuqina kunye unyamezelo umlawuli ngawo abe ukufezekisile iinjongo zakhe. Ke kaloku yaba linyathelo kude ekubeni neengcambu ilizwe labo ingozi amelwe yamaKatolika Crusaders.

indawo Steel ocacisa ekulweni endhawini Grunwald dolophu. kwafika amaJamani wokuqala apha. Aye ayomeleza kwizikhundla zabo; Bawumbela ingabonakali izabatha umhadi, wazimisa imipu badubula kwaye walindela utshaba. ekugqibeleni nezinti Lithuanians bafika wathabatha izikhundla zabo. Jagiello kwakungekho ungxamile lokuhlasela kuqala. Kodwa lo mzuzu obalulekileyo Vytautas wagqiba ukuhlasela amaJamani ngaphandle komyalelo sokumkani Polish. Yasuka ecaleni kwakhe phambili nje emva kokuba Crusaders wavula umlilo phezu abachasi zonke bombards zabo.

Malunga neyure kartel bazama ukubetha balwe Lithuanians kwaye AmaTatar (e Vytautas nayo le inkonzo amahashe iCrimea). Okokugqibela, Marshal Order of Friedrich von Wallenrod wayalela ukuba balwe. Lithuanians aqala ukwehla. Kwaye kwacingwa ukuba kushenxa, umqalisi kwawo Vytautas - Grand Duke of Lithuania. Ukufa imikhosi yaseJamani wabona ukuba engqongwe ngabantu Crusaders ezilahlekileyo inkqubo yabo elilungelelanisiweyo. Yonke into yenzeke kanye njengokuba Wamitha nomthetheli. Okokuqala, le Knights wagqiba ukuba Lithuanians Bayasaba ngokuphakuzela indulumbane kubo ngesantya esiphezulu, lo gama baphulukene umyalelo edabini. Xa inxenye yomkhosi waseJamani zafikelela enkampini Vytautas, inkosana wayalela ukuba sisondelelane baza bayingqonga yotshaba. Lo msebenzi sele wawabeka ezizibeni zamagxa ze Novgorod prince Lengvenis. Anyamezela wamkela ngayo umsebenzi walo.

Ngelo xesha, inkoliso imikhosi leTeutonic alwa zezibonda. Kwakubonakala olo loyiso na ezandleni amaJamani. Jagiello Warriors baze Krakow ibhena, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kungekudala wabuyela esihlalweni sakhe. Isiphumo emfazweni isigqibo Sangena edabini loovimba ezongezelelweyo ukuba balinde kwi amaphiko ngasemva ngu. Izibonda ukuzisebenzisa ngempumelelo Omnqamlezo. Ukongeza, i-mabutho Vytautas ngesiquphe wabetha amaJamani ukusuka nangegxalaba lakhe ababangela umyalelo ngesibetho umkhosi obulalayo. Master Jungingen wabulawa edabini.

Amanyeneyo iphumelele, yaye eli impumelelo kwangaphambili imiphumo imfazwe. Oku kwalandelwa kokuyingqinga aluphumelelanga of Marienburg. Nangona kwafuneka zisuswe, amaJamani wavuma ukunika lonke ilizwe kwikhompyutha kuqala ukuze uhlawule imali enkulu. Waphumelela IMfazwe Enkulu ephawulwe ikamva kwindawo evelele kwingingqi, umanyano Poland kunye Lithuania kunye kwelanga imiyalelo yamaKatolika aseBalti. Le hero ukuqina wabuyela ekhaya Vytautas. Grand INkosana Lithuania wabuyayo Samogitia, njengoko wayefuna ukuya kwi olwandulela imbambano.

Relations ne eMoscow

E Vytautas intombi kuphela Nozipho. Wayithatha Prince kwakhe Moscow Vasily I - unyana Dmitriya Donskogo. umlawuli Lithuanian bazama ukugcina ubudlelwane nobuhlobo kunye nonyana wayo, nangona kuthityazwa umnqweno wakhe ukuqhubeka ukwanda yayo empumalanga ngeendleko mazwe Russian. States ezimbini abaye baphikisa amaziko ezopolitiko, iyileyo nako kumanyanisa emazweni East Slavic. Vytautas Ndandingekabhaptizwa kwi-Orthodox rite, Noko ke, emva aguqukele kubuKatolika.

Isikhubekiso ukuba ubudlelwane Moscow-Lithuanian waba ESmolensk. Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas Russian, wazama izihlandlo ezininzi ulihambise. Naye ngenkuthalo aphazamise kwiipolitiki yangaphakathi Pskov kunye Novgorod Republic. Bathumela Vytautas umkhosi, njengoko kwakunjalo kunye Idabi Grunwald. Ngenxa kumazwe Russian Grand Duke eyandisiweyo ngaphaya amagunya alo kweenxweme Oka kunye eMoscow kwiNgingqi Mozhaisk.

Umzukulwana Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas wayengunyana ka Basil I Vasiliy Temny II. Enyukele etroneni njengemveku ngo 1425. Uyise wayesazi ukuba eMoscow unamandla amancinane kakhulu ukuya kulwa ngaxeshanye i Lithuanians kunye nangezinto. Ngoko ke, yena yavuma ngamandla iimbambano umda uyise, uphambuke imfazwe. Basil I, wafa, wacela ukuba akhusele Duke Vytautas entsha esuka nokungena ngamandla. Umzukulwana Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas waba Basil II. Kungenxa yobu budlelane obuphakathi akazange avumele amabango itrone ukuba amalungiselelo ubhedu.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Ekupheleni ubomi Grand INkosana Lithuania Vytautas yaba savela indala e-Europe. Ngowe-1430, eneminyaka eli-80 ubudala. Phambi kokubhiyozela wesikhumbuzo yomphathi wanika kwinkongolo e Lutsk, leyo wamema Jagiello, Sigizmunda Lyuksemburga (kungekudala ukuba abe ngumlawuli of the Holy uBukhosi baseRoma), inxusa kapopu, nabathetheli ezininzi Russian. Enye into yokuba esi siganeko ibuthe abalawuli abanamandla ezininzi, sele uthi Vytautas wayengomnye amanani kwezopolitiko ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lakhe.

On the Lutsk Congress yaxoxa amathuba ibekwa bexhego. Ukuba uthe wathatha isiqu, ilingana into kwi Jagiello, ukuba Lithuania ekugqibeleni kuba ezizimeleyo ukuzikhusela kwi West. Pole, Noko ke, yenqaba ibekwa. Ayizange yenzeke. Vytautas wafa nje emva kokuba Congress e Troki, Oktobha 27, 1430. indawo yakhe yokungcwaba akwaziwa. Vytautas waye Grand iNkosana Lithuania iminyaka engama-38. Yaba ixesha kolawulo lwakhe ngexesha laloo State. Emva abathetheli yeyela ukuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo Poland. Komdibaniso mazwe mabini ebizwa i-Commonwealth.