Helium: iimpawu, iimpawu, isicelo

Helium - igesi egalelwe yeqela 18 lwezakhi. Le ke inkalo yesibini ilula emva hydrogen. Helium - igesi ngaphandle umbala, ivumba kunye nemvakalo leyo iba ulwelo kubushushu ka -268,9 ° C. abilayo kunye qhwa awo ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into eyaziwayo. Yiyo lo nto kuphela loo nto ziyahlala na zokupholisa ngamandla oluqhelekileyo womoya. Waya imeko eqinileyo kufuneka umoya-25, xa amaqondo obushushu 1 K.

History of izovela

Helium kwafumaneka emoyeni igesi ezingqonge ilanga, lo ngeenkwenkwezi French Pierre Zhansenom ukuba 1868 ngexesha umnyama ufumene yellow umgca Kukhazimlayo, uluhlu lwe chromosphere elanga. Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa ukuba lo mgca imele sodium element. Kulo nyaka, ngeenkwenkwezi IsiNgesi Dzhozef Norman Lockyer waphawula umgca atyheli spectrum solar, nto leyo engazange kunxibelelana imigca eyaziwa isodiyam D ₁ no D _2, ngoko ke igama lalo umgca _D-3. Lockyer wagqiba ukuba kwabangelwa into kwi Ilanga ezingaziwayo on Earth. Yena yemichiza Edward Frankland kwi isiqalelo isihloko usebenzisa igama lesiGrike 'onguHelios' Sun

Ngowe-1895, i-usomachiza yaseBritani Sir Uilyam Ramzay kuye kwangqineka ubukho helium on Earth. Wafumana izimbiwa isampula neyuranium-zithwele cleveite, yaye emva kokuhlola irhasi lasekwa ngo ubushushu, kufumaniseke ukuba eqaqambileyo yellow ilayini malumga ingqamana umgca _D-3, iqatshelwe spectrum elanga. Ngoko ke, into entsha ekugqibeleni ifakiwe. Ngowe-1903 Ramsay noFrederick Soddy wafumanisa ukuba helium yi yimveliso ukubola ezizenzekelayo kwezinto radioactive.

Distribution endalweni

Ubunzima helium yi malunga ne-23% ye-Ubunzima bubonke iphela, kwaye element wesibini ixhaphakileyo emajukujukwini. It buzinze iinkwenkwezi, apho hydrogen wabumba Fusion ngenxa. Nangona helium emoyeni na iqela inxalenye 1 ukuya th-200. (5 PPM) kwaye iqulethwe izixa ezincinane yezimbiwa radioactive, nobubovu esibhakabhakeni, ngokunjalo nemithombo ezimbiwa, izixa ezinkulu element ezifumaneka eUnited States (ingakumbi eTexas, New Mexico City, Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, kunye Arizona) njengoko kwicandelo (kwi 7.6%) yerhasi yendalo. Small kunye noovimba bayo kuye kwafunyanwa Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar naseRashiya. In xi uqweqwe helium imalunga-8 kuphela ppb.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

Undoqo nganye atom helium iqulethe protons ezimbini, kodwa ke, njengokuba kunye nezinye izinto, iye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Baya ziqulathe ukusuka neutron omnye ukuya ezintandathu, ngoko amanani zabo mass ukusuka ezintathu ukuya kwezisibhozo. Nzile ezi izinto zabo ubunzima ujongwa helium zenani 3 ⁽³⁾ no-4 ^(4). Zonke ezinye radioactive yaye ngokukhawuleza zisonakala zide zibe kwezinye izinto. helium lomhlaba alikho yinxalenye yokuqala emhlabeni, lamiswa ngenxa yokuguga. Amasuntswana Alpha ezintweni nuclei kwezinto radioactive enzima ukuba Isotope ⁴ ngumongo. Helium ntoni angakhuli kukuninzi emoyeni, ngoba amandla koMhlaba alanele nokuthintela ukuba oku ngokuqhubekayo evuzayo emajukujukwini. Imikhondo ³ Yena ehlabathini acaciswa negative ukubola beta hydrogen onge-3 element (eziFihliweyo). ⁴ Nguye yeyona ixhaphakileyo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezizinzileyo: ⁴ Umlinganiselo Yena atom elibheke ³ Yena malunga 700 lamawaka 1 isibhakabhaka malunga 7 yezigidi ngo-1 kwezinye izimbiwa helium-rich ..

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo of helium

okubila nawokunyibilika indawo yale nto ke liphantsi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, helium ikhona igesi ngaphandle phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Yena igesi unyityilikiswa emanzini ngaphantsi koko nayiphi na igesi, kwaye isantya nokuhanjiswa ngawo umzimba bubambekayo kathathu obungaphezu komoya. index Its zokunganyangeki ye kwisibizo isondela 1.

Le conductivity thermal le helium yinto yesibini kuphela hydrogen conductivity thermal, ubushushu ezithile kunye yayo ephezulu ngokungaqhelekanga. Kwiqondo lobushushu eziqhelekileyo itshiswa ngexesha ukwanda, yaye ngaphantsi 40 K - iphela. Ngoko, kwi T <40 K helium inokujikwa ibe kulwelo ukwandisa.

Isiqalelo yinto yokwambathisa, ukuba ayikho kurhulumente insimbi. Njengoko kunye nezinye iigesi ezindilekileyo, helium uye amanqanaba amandla metastable ezikuvumela ukuba insimbi ngumntu ukubhobhoza zombane xa ombane ungaphantsi isakhono ionization.

Helium-4 ngokukhethekileyo ukuba sele iintlobo ezimbini ulwelo. Njengesiqhelo ebizwa helium I kwaye ikhona kwi amaqondo ukusuka iqondo 4.21 K (-268,9 ° C) ukuya malunga 2,18 K (-271 ° C). Lower conductivity thermal ka-2,18 K ⁴ uba phinda-1000 ngaphezu koko zezobhedu. Le fomu kuthiwa helium II, ukuba kulahlula zesiqhelo. Kuye superfluid: viscosity iphantsi ukuze ayinakulinganiswa. Helium II kwanwenwa ibe obhityileyo umboniso phezu komhlaba nantoni na echaphazelekayo, yaye lo mboniso ayahamba ngaphandle kunobunye nxamnye womxhuzulane.

Ngaphantsi obuninzi helium-3 iyinxalenye ngamanqanaba ulwelo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, ezimbini zazo superfluid. Superfluidity ngo ⁴ yafunyanwa ngama yamachiza yiSoviet Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey kwiminyaka yoo-1930, kwaye isenzeko inye ³ kwaqatshelwa kuqala Douglas D. Osheroff, uDavide M. Lee, noRobert C. Richardson yaseUnited States ngo-1972.

Umxube ulwelo lwe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezimbini helium-3 no -4 kwiqondo lobushushu ngezantsi 0.8 K (-272.4 ° C), yahlulwe iileya ezimbini - an ecocekileyo ungaphinda ³ Yena ⁴ umxube nge-6% of helium-3. Ukupheliswa ³ Yena ⁴ kukhatshwa isiphumo okupholisa asetyenziswe kwizakhiwo cryostat apho lobushushu helium singaphantsi 0,01 K (-273,14 ° C) ize igcinwe iintsuku ezimbalwa.

uxhulumaniso

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, helium ibe yisilikhoni efakwa iikhemikhali egalelwe. Eyingozi Unokuvula i element compound ezihleli obushushu kunye noxinzelelo neziphawuli yesiqhelo hayi izinzile. Umzekelo, helium kungenzeka iikhompawundi nge-ayodini, Tungsten, fluorine, iphosphate kunye isalfure, xa phantsi ukuba obhobhozayo ukukhanya zombane okanye electron bombardment kwi plasma karhulumente. Ngaloo ndlela ke udale HeNe, HgHe _10, lizovela ₂ kunye ion emolekyuli Yena ₂ ⁺ ₂ Akukho ^++, Heh ⁺ yaye HeD ^+. Le ndlela iye zinemoletyhule cala Yena ₂ no HgHe.

plasma

Xa yonke asasazwa advantageously helium insimbi, ogama ayahluka kakhulu ezinto. Electron kunye protons wawunga dityaniswanga, kanti lishiya ityhefu apho conductivity eliphezulu kakhulu zombane nokuba ukwimeko ngokuyinxenye insimbi. On amasuntswana umthetho kakhulu iphenjelelwa amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane. Ngokomzekelo, xa umoya elanga kunye ion helium banxibelelane hydrogen magnetosphere umhlaba insimbi, ebangela ezimibalabala aurora.

Ukufunyanwa kwe iidipozithi kwi US

Emva kugrunjwa ngo-1903 e-Dexter, Kansas, yayifunyenwe igesi non-ezinokutsha. Ekuqaleni, bengazi ukuba iqulethe helium. Yeyiphi igesi kwafumaneka, chaza ezichongiweyo Erasmus Haworth komhlaba, ngubani liye laqokelela iisampulu bakhe kunye neYunivesithi yase Kansas nge ekhemisi TR Gamiltona noDavid McFarland wafumanisa ukuba iqulethe 72% nitrogen, 15% methane,-1% hydrogen kwaye kange ezichongiweyo-12%. Emva kokuchitha uhlalutyo elandelayo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba 1,84% ngeesampulu helium. Ngoko ke siyayazi ukuba lwesi sakhi wemichiza ekhoyo kukuninzi ezinzulwini Enkulu Amathafa, apho kukhutshwa gas yendalo.

kwemveliso yoshishino

Oku kuye kwenza eUnited States yemveliso yehlabathi yinkokeli helium. Ecetyiswa ngu Nkosi Richard Threlfall, Navy US ngemali isityalo ezintathu pilot amancinci ukuvelisa le into ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhaluni ngezicelo ezilula ezingezo-ezinokutsha igesi kokususa. Ngokwale nkqubo zaveliswa xa zizonke ka 5700 m ³ 92 pesenti yena, nangona oku ifunyenwe kwi-100 kuphela iilitha gas. Inxalenye yale mali yasetyenziswa kwi indiza yehlabathi yokuqala helium i US Navy C-7, owenza uhambo lwayo lokuqala ukususela Hampton Iindlela (Virginia) kwi Bolling Field (Washington, DC) ngoDisemba 7, 1921.

Nangona inkqubo igesi lobushushu ulwelo eliphantsi ngelo xesha akazange ngokwaneleyo ziphuhliswe ukuba ezibalulekileyo ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, imveliso waqhubeka. Helium ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa igesi yokukhwelisana moya. Ifunwa kuye kwanda ngexesha yesiBini beMfazwe Yehlabathi xa ezakusetyenziswa arc welding eso sikhuseleke. Isiqalelo kwakhona ibaluleke kakhulu xa kwakudalwa ezabo atom "Manhattan".

US National Reserve

Ngo-1925, urhulumente United States wadala National egciniweyo helium e Amarillo, Texas, ukunika airships zomkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe kunye airships orhwebo loxolo. Ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yawa emva kokuba World Okwesibini, kodwa stock yanyuswa ngo-1950 ukubonelela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, unikeza njengesipholisi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ioksijini-hydrogen propellant ngexesha ugqatso isithuba kwaye kwiMfazwe Yomlomo. Ukusetyenziswa helium eUnited States ngowe-1965, amaxesha asibhozo ngaphezu ukusetyenziswa incopho ngexesha lemfazwe.

Emva zokwamkelwa umthetho helium 1960 Inombolo iinkampani zabucala Mining Bureau 5 ndikhuphe element gas yendalo. Le nkqubo eyakhelwe-km 425 yombhobho ukudibanisa ezi zityalo kunye norhulumente ngokupheleleyo uyaphela yegesi kufuphi Amarillo, Texas. umxube Helium-nitrogen ngomtshini yokugcina ngokufihlakeleyo, waza wahlala apho de akukho mfuneko kuwo.

Ngowe-1995, ngaba imfuyo yahlangana billion cubic metres, ngoxa ityala le-National Reserve-1.4 billion zeerandi, nto leyo eyabangela i US Congress ngowe-1996 ukuya sokuphelisa kuyo. Emva ukwamkelwa ngo-1996 umthetho phezu uthengiso helium Ministry of Resources Natural lasungula ivenkile impahla ngo-2005.

Clean kunye nemveliso

Helium eveliswa de unyaka-1945 waba ntumbuluko 98%, abanye-2% ezibe nitrogen oko kwanele ukuba airships. Ngowe-1945, yavelisa imali encinane-99,9 ekhulwini gas ukuze zisetyenziswe arc. Ngo-1949, ekuhlambululeni element onesiphumo lifikelele 99,995%.

Iminyaka emininzi eUnited States zavelisa ngaphezu kwe-90% ye helium yorhwebo yehlabathi. Ukususela ngo-2004, unyaka wonke belwenziwe ngaphandle million 140 ^m-3, 85% yayo kwenzeka eUnited States, 10% lwaqhutywa e Algeria, kwaye abanye - eRashiya kunye Poland. Eyona mithombo iphambili helium ehlabathini amasimi igesi yendalo Texas, Oklahoma Kansas.

Inkqubo yokufumana

Helium (limsulwa 98,2%) ihlawulwe yokunyibilika igesi yendalo ngamanye amacandelo kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kunye noxinzelelo aphezulu. Le adsorption ezinye iigesi zipholile isebenze carbon unako ukufikelela ukusulungeka 99,995%. A imali encinci helium eveliswa ngexesha yokunyibilika emoyeni ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Kwezi okulahlwayo 900 umoya ungafumana malunga 3.17 cubic metres. igesi m.

Fields of application

igesi Noble iye isetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

• Helium, izakhiwo ezivumela ukufumana kubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu, isetyenziswa njenge arhente okupholisa e LHC, MRI kwezixhobo lokwakhiwa umazibuthe kunye yenyukliya spectrometers livakale magnetic, izixhobo satellite, kwakunye yokunyibilika oksijini hydrogen imijukujelwa "Apollo".
• Njengoko irhasi egalelwe ukuba ukuwelda aluminiyam kunye nabanye. Metals ekwenziweni semiconductors neefayibha optic.
• .. Ukuze ukwenza uxinzelelo kwi iitanki kukudla injini rocket, ingakumbi abo osebenza hydrogen elulwelo, t kuphela igesi helium buyabasindisa imeko yayo, udibaniso xa hydrogen ihlala ulwelo);
• Yena-Ne laser igesi zisetyenziswa ukuze ajonge kwebhakhowudi kwi-ofisi kwibhokisi ezinkulu.
• Helium-ion microscope ikuvumela ukuba ufumane umfanekiso ilungileyo ngaphezu elektroniki.
• Ngenxa permeability eliphezulu irhasi amanene lusetyenziswa ukuvavanya ukuvuza, umzekelo kwiinkqubo air-moya imoto, ngokunjalo ukuzaliswa ngokukhawuleza airbag phezu kwenzeke ingozi.
• Ukuxinana Low kuvumela iibhola zokuhombisa ezaliswe helium. Irhasi egalelwe ithathwa hydrogen izidubedube airships kunye nebhaluni. Ngokomzekelo, xa meteorology, iibhaloni helium zisetyenziswa ukuze uphakamise isixhobo yokulinganisa.
• kusetyenziswe njengesipholisi cryogenic, ekubeni iqondo lobushushu element kwemichiza kwi imeko ulwelo kunokwenzeka ubuncinane.
• Helium, iimpawu ezibonelela kube reactivity eliphantsi iyanyibilika emanzini (negazi), xa umxube mpilo ifumene isicelo imixube zemiphunga ngenxa sasiqubha kwaye ubambe umsebenzi caisson.
• Ayevela kunye namawa zihlalutywe ukuba okubhalwe kule element ukuqinisekisa iminyaka yabo.

Helium: iimpawu element

Yena iimpawu eziphambili yemvelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• zenani: 2.
• Ubunzima isihlobo ye atom helium: 4,0026.
• point Melting: akukho.
• abilayo: -268,9 ° C.
• Density (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g / n.
• igcwala karhulumente 0.