Minimum kunye iqondo ubuninzi igcwala of bromine. Iipropati lwemichiza bromine

Phakathi zonke imichiza, non-iintsimbi unayo inombolo ekhethekileyo - halogens. Ezi athom got igama labo kwiipropati ezizodwa ukuba abonise intsebenziswano imichiza. Ezi ziquka:

• iodine;
• chloro;
• bromo;
• fluorine.

Chloro kunye fluoro - a iigesi enobuhlungu, leyo unamandla womelele oxidizing. Iodine phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo yinto crystalline into emnyama ebomvu kunye ayenechaphothi sisinyithi libizwe. Liveza iimpawu arhente yokunciphisa. Kwaye ke yesine ikhangeleka halo? Ziziphi iimpawu iikhompawundi bromine akhiwa ngabo kunye neempawu njengento, yaye into elula? Zama ukuqonda.

Bromine: inkcazelo jikelele element

Njengoko kwisuntswana kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile, bromo ubambe inombolo ukulandelelana iseli 35. Ngako oko, njengenxalenye protons yayo engundoqo 35 kunye electron iqokobhe silungiselela inani elifanayo electron. Uqwalaselo lwe umaleko engaphandle: 4 ^{2 5} p.

VII Iqela akhiwe engundoqo sub-iqela yinxalenye halogens - iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zelo qela imichiza. Xa iyonke kukho malunga 28 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-atom Isotope. amanani Mass aqala ku-67 ukuya 94. uzinzo kunye nozinzo kwakunye lisoyisa kwipesenti aziwayo ngokwendalo ezimbili:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% kwayo;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% kuyo.
  

I-avareji mass atom le element ilingana nakwiiyunithi 79,904. The degree of igcwala of bromine isusela ukusuka -1 ukuya +7. Liveza iipropati olomeleleyo oxidizing, kodwa obuphantsi kwabo chlorine kunye fluorine, iodine bona bubalaselayo.

History of izovela

Vula le ngxenye kamva kunokuba oogxa babo kule laseMelika. Ngexesha oko wayesele esaziwa malunga chlorine kunye iodine. Ngubani le ndawo? Ungafowunela nangoko amathathu amagama, njengoko leyo bakwazi nokulungelelanisa phantse ngaxeshanye into entsha iye nakala kamva ingqalelo atom kangakanani na izazinzulu. La magama:

• Antoine uJérôme Balard.
• UKarl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Noko ke, le "uyise" esemthethweni kugqalwa Balaram, owokuqala ekubeni nje sifunyenwe kwaye kuchaziwe, kodwa kwakhona ukuba uthumele kwinkomfa yaziwa into entsha, nto leyo into engaziwayo zenzululwazi.

Antuan Balar ndandiphanda ukwakheka lweTyuwa elwandle. Ethwele phezu kwawo amaninzi amalinge imichiza, kuba ngenye imini wacanda nesisombululo chloro waza wafumanisa ukuba ezinye iintlobo inamehlo etyheli. Ukuthatha oku yimveliso impefumlelwano chlorine kunye iodine isisombululo, ukuba ukuhlola ngakumbi imveliso leyo. Phantsi unyango zilandelayo:

• Wayesebenza kaEtere;
• ofakwe potassium hayidroksayidi ;
• ukuqhubekekiswa pyrolusite;
• I njengee-sulphuric acid.

Ngenxa yoko, wafumana ulwelo sinombala-red aziphethe ngayo kunye ivumba elibi. Oku bromine. Emva koko wenza uphando ngenyameko lweempawu emzimbeni imichiza weli. Emva wathumela ingxelo ngalo, wachaza iimpawu bromine. Itayitile, awamnika sona Balaram isiqalelo waba murid, kodwa ayizange unamathele.

Namhlanje igama eliqhelekileyo i-atom bromine, leyo yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "onukayo", "nelithi". Oku kuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo iimpawu impahla yayo elula. Unyaka ka element lokuvula - 1825.

degree kunokwenzeka of igcwala of bromine

Abo ungenza sibala nje ezimbalwa. Ngapha koko, ngenxa yayo uqwalaselo elektroniki, bromine kunokuba zombini iipropati oxidizing kunye nokwehlisa, ngakumbi ubukho ecacileyo yokuqala. Kukho iinketho ezintlanu anokwenzeka ngala:

• -1 - bromine isidanga igcwala asezantsi;
• +1;
• -phinde ngo 2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

Kwindalo, nazo kuphela ezo zinto apho isakhiwo element ngengqiqo negative. 7 - iqondo ubuninzi bromine igcwala. Its imiboniso it equlathe HBrO ₄ bromic acid kunye bromates iityuwa yayo (NaBrO _4). Ngokubanzi, oku iqondo igcwala ye bromine kunqabile kakhulu, kwakunye ezimbini. Kodwa nambaxa nge -1; 3 no-5 - eliqhelekileyo kwaye zibaluleke kuphela kushishino kwemichiza le, kodwa amayeza, zobunjineli namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho.

Bromine njenge into elula

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo i element phantsi ingqalelo yi zinemoletyhule diatomic, Noko ke, ayikho igesi kunye ulwelo. zinetyhefu kakhulu, lokhu umoya, kwaye ipapashe ivumba elibi kakhulu. Kwanezibini kungomlinganiselo omncinci kunokubangela eshe nesikhumba kwinwebu kwiinwebu umzimba. Ukuba, ke, igqithe ubukhulu kuvunyelwe, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukutsarhwa nokufa.

Le khemikhali formula ulwelo anikwa - Br _2. Kucacile ukuba phawu wabumba igama lesiGrike kwento - bromos. Umdibaniso phakathi atom olunye, covalent nonpolar. radius elikhulu atomic, ngoko bromo Lize kakhulu lula. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa ngokubanzi syntheses weekhemikhali, okudla reagent kwi ukuzimisela esemgangathweni oganikhi khompawundi.

Xa into elula ayifumaneki kwi kwindalo, kuba lula ke volatilized ngohlobo ngokubomvu-brown umsi iyabuphucula entsimbini. Kuphela ngendlela ezahlukeneyo kweenkqubo multi-candelo. The degree of igcwala of iikhompawundi bromine iindidi ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke element ngazo kulo ukuba asabele, ngamanye amazwi kunye nayiphi na into.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Ezi mpawu lungabonakaliswa yi iingongoma ezimbalwa.

1. Ukunyibilika emanzini - avareji, kodwa ngcono kunabanye halogens. umxube amanzi bromine kuthiwa, inombala bubomvu omdaka.
2. Iqondo engamanzi - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Ingongoma ukunyibilika -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Ivumba - ebukhali, mnandi, angafi.
5. Color - sayingqombela-brown.
6. isimo Physical kwento elula - into enzima (ezixineneyo), ulwelo zamafu.
7. Electronegativity ngokutsho Pauling isikali - 2.8.

Ezi mpawu kuchaphazela iinkqubo lokulungisa oku ezimbaxa, kwakunye ngokubanik isinyanzelo ukuthobela bakulumkele kakhulu xa ukusebenza kuyo.

Iipropati lwemichiza bromine

Ngokwembono chemistry, bromo uziphethe ngeendlela ezimbini. Imiboniso kunye oxidizing kunye neepropati nokuncitshiswa. Njengazo zonke ezinye izinto, ikwazi ukwamkela elektroni evela iintsimbi ngaphantsi electronegative kunye nonmetals. Ukunciphisa iarhente, yena a agents oxidizing nkqi, ezifana:

• oksijini;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• ethile acid.

Ngokwendalo, izinga bromine apho igcwala yahluka ukusuka -1 ukuya +7. Waba yintoni na ngokukodwa uyakwazi basabela element phantsi ingqalelo?

1. Ngamanzi - isiphumo ngumxube asidi (hydrobromic kunye hypobromous).
2. Kunye iodides ezahlukeneyo baye bakwazi ukuba bathabath 'bromo iodo of neetyuwa yayo.
3. Nazo zonke nonmetals ngqo ngaphezu ioksijini, ikharbon, initrogen, kunye neegesi amanene.
4. Phantse zonke iintsimbi njenge arhente eyomeleleyo oxidizing. Ekubeni izinto ezininzi nkqu ucinezelo.
5. Xa reactions OVR bromo sivame ukukhuthaza igcwala imichiza. Umzekelo, isalfure sulfite ziguqulwa zibe ion sulfate, iodine iodides nje into elula.
6. C ukwenza bromides kwealkali, bromates okanye gipobromatov.

Kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo zimpahla yemichiza bromine xa yinxalenye asidi kunye neetyuwa ezenziwa ngabo. Kule hlobo iipropati ngamandla kakhulu njengoko oxidant. Kuyinto kakhulu iqapheleka ngakumbi kunobo into elula.

indawo yolwamkelo

Isibakala esixubusha into ebalulekileyo kunye ezibalulekileyo ngokwemigaqo chemistry, uqinisekisa imveliso yawo yonyaka-mali 550 kweetoni eziliwaka. iinkokheli zelizwe kwezi zalathisi:

• US.
• China.
• AmaSirayeli.

Industrial ezamahala indlela lokutsala bromine esekelwe isisombululo imithi amachibi ityuwa, amaqula kunye neelwandle. Kubo ityuwa element ofunekayo, nto leyo iguqulelwa kwi ifomu asidi. Oku idlule emoyeni umlambo enamandla okanye awomphunga. Ngaloo ndlela, a bromine sukube. Emva koko khomiwa hi yesoda ash kunye umxube iityuwa sodium - bromides kunye bromates. isisombululo yabo izimuncu kwaye lo walivala ithende na into elulwelo simahla.

iindlela zeLebhu ezwi ngokusekelwe ukubana abantu bromine kunye neetyuwa chlorine njengoko halogen ngamandla.

Ukuba indalo

Ngendlela ecocekileyo, sicinga into alifumaneki kwindalo, njengokuba kubhaliwe lokhu emoyeni bolwelo aziphethe. Ngokusisiseko, inxalenye imichiza leyo ebonisa iqondo ubuncinane igcwala of bromine -1. Le ityuwa hydrobromic acid - bromides. A lot lwesi sakhi ihamba yeKhlorini ityuwa yendalo - USilvina, carnallite, kunye nabanye.

Izimbiwa of bromine zivulekile kamva kunaye. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi zintathu:

• Embolism - umxube chlorine kunye bromine ngesiliva;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - umxube potassium, magnesium bromine ngamanzi yento edityanisiweyo (crystalline ukuphilisa).

Kwakhona, le nto iyaqukwa ukuba kuhlanganiselo eziphilayo. ukuswela yayo ikhokelela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo luvo inkqubo, ukuphazamiseka, zokulala kunye nememori sokunciphisa. Kwiimeko kakhulu ngakumbi kusongela ukungachumi. Fish, izilwanyana zaselwandle bromo ekwaziyo yande hi mpimo ebonakalayo ngohlobo neetyuwa.

Isiqulatho Ubunzima kwesikhoko ifikelela 0,0021% yayo. Iqulethe lukhulu amanzi amtyuba yonke kwehayidrosfere Yomhlaba.

Zithako of bromine kunye namachibi karhulumente ophantsi

Ilingene namachibi xa bromine xa iikhompawundi yayo isinyithi kunye hydrogen? I oluphantsi, nto leyo kunokwenzeka ukuba le nto - thabatha elinye. Kuyinto le unxulumano bamele umdla omkhulu aluncedo umntu.

1. HBr - hydrogen bromide (gas) okanye hydrobromic acid. Xa urhulumente sukube aggregate akukho umbala, kodwa ivumba ezibukhali kwaye mnandi, oluninzi yomsi. It has isenzo bako kwi kwiinwebu umzimba. Kakhulu enyibilikayo emanzini, kusenziwa acid. Yena, yena, libhekisela electrolytes esiluqilima, a arhente elungileyo yokunciphisa. Ifumaneka lula atshintshelwe kwelona bromine simahla sisenzo kwe-sulphuric acid, nitric acid kunye neoksijini. ukubaluleka Industrial njengomthombo kwaku- bromide ukwenza iityuwa kunye ukuse- yesinyithi.
2. Bromides - uthe iityuwa acid apho degree of igcwala of bromine kwi enye ilingana ku -1. umdla Practical zezi: LiBr, kunye KBr.
3. Imichiza yendalo ephilayo equlethe ion bromide.

Zithako abanesidanga eliphezulu igcwala

Ezi ziquka inani kwezinto ezisisiseko. Ngezinga eliphezulu bromine igcwala yi-7, ngoko kwezi khompawundi ibe nje kuyo yaye kufuneka.

1. Perbromic acid - HBrO _4. Eyona onamandla onke asidi ezaziwayo le nto, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kwaye kakhulu ukumelana nokuhlaselwa arhente ngokunciphisa namandla. Oku kungenxa isakhiwo eyodwa zejiyometri zinemoletyhule, eba imilo indawo tetrahedron.
2. Perbromates - iityuwa acid kubonisiwe apha ngasentla. Kubo, njengoko luphawulwa iqondo ubuninzi bromine igcwala. Zinelungelo olomeleleyo oxidizing, yaye ngaloo ndlela zisetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le. Imizekelo: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

Ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi bromine kunye

Kuyenzeka ukuba ityumbe iindawo ezininzi apho ezimbaxa bromo kwaye ufumane isicelo ngqo.

1. nongo Production.
2. Kuba nokuveliswa kwezixhobo lokushicilela.
3. Njengoko imithi yabantu (iityuwa bromine).
4. Kushishino lweemoto, oko kukuthi, njengokuba isongezo in ipetroli.
5. Isetyenziswa njengonyango ngenxa ngokuthotywa LINGATSHA kwezinye izinto organic.
6. Xa imveliso muds wokugrumba.
7. Kwezolimo, imveliso sprayers izinambuzane olukhuselayo.
8. Njengoko ntsholongwane kunye kwamagciwane unit, kuqukwa amanzi.

Isiphumo eziphilayo kwi eziphilayo

Kwakuwo okanye ukungabikho bromine emzimbeni kuba nemiphumo ebuhlungu kakhulu.

Nkqu Pavlov kuqala ukufumanisa impembelelo lwesi sakhi kwi eziphilileyo. Izifundo Animal aye abonisa ukuba ixesha elide kweNational nabo bromide kukhokelela:

• ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo luvo;
• kwekhono ngokwesondo;
• kwesisu kanye nenzalo;
• ekunciphiseni ukwanda;
• ukunciphisa izinga athwala;
• efuna njalo njalo.

Ukuzuza kakhulu kwi Amalungu nezihlunu ikhokelela inhibition yokusebenza yobuchopho kunye umnqonqo, zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo zolusu yangaphandle.