Ukubunjwa, Isayensi

Human - ntoni na? Komzimba njenge inzululwazi

Ukuqonda isakhiwo oluntu, ukwakhiwa, indlela yobomi kunye neentlobo impefumlelwano bonke abantu abahlala kulo mhlaba kumnceda ukuba asebenzise olu lwazi iinjongo zabo, ukuze kulungelwe uphuhliso lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu. Kunye nomdla ihlabathi ezendeleyo abantu ngamaxesha onke. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu bazama ukufumana phandle indlela yokwakha eziphilayo, njengoko ntoni kwaye yintoni ibalulekile.

Kungenxa yoko le nto ekuhambeni kwexesha yavela wafumana kuthandwa kakhulu omkhulu phakathi uqeqesho inzululwazi ezifana biology. nje enayinyusayo kwasekuqaleni achaphazelekayo kuphela izityalo, ngoko izilwanyana, abantu, ngeentsholongwane, yaye ekugqibeleni bafika kuphuhliso yayo ukuya kwindawo apho kwenzeka ukukhangela ngaphakathi izidalwa zincinane. Towards ekumisweni eziphilayo, basonta off iinkampani ezininzi isayensi, ngoku bonke ehlangeneyo kwaye zimisela umongo walo.

wenzululwazi yebhayoloji

Kukho iqela zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo, ezibandakanya biology. Cinga ukuhlelwa kwazo.

I. Science General

  1. Systematics.
  2. Morphology (nokwakheka, histology, cytology).
  3. Physiology.
  4. Imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela.
  5. Biogeography.
  6. Ecology.
  7. Imizila yemfuza.

II. Complex

  1. Ipharasitholo-.
  2. Hydrobiology.
  3. isayensi Soil.

III. isayensi yabucala

  1. Botany.
  2. Ngezilo.
  3. Ukufundwa.

Le ndlela yokwahlukana wenzululwazi yebhayoloji yaphakanyiswa yi izazinzulu BG Ioganzenom ngo-1969, kwaye iye bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa ukufaneleka kwayo unanamhla. Le yokuhlela lugubungela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo eziphambili, kodwa eyona mihla - biotechnology, ezinto, iigene kunye seli lobunjineli kunye nenzululwazi ezithile zonyango.

Nokwakheka nezinye iinkalo

Esinye sezifundo zokuqala kwaye okubaluleke eziphilayo yi nokwakheka. Yiloo nto, kwaye sihlolisise.

Okokuqala, umbuzo ngulo: anatomy - ntoni na? Yintoni esiyifundayo? Iimpendulo kukwazi ukwakhiwa noko. Kodwa ke umongo ezi zinto zilandelayo.

Human - inzululwazi shape amalungu kunye neenkqubo omzimba, ubume babo kunye nokusebenza. Le uqeqesho yesebe morphology kwaye yakhiwe kwiintlobo ezimbini;

  • sisityalo nokwakheka - isakhiwo, imilo, kunye nendawo Amalungu nezihlunu zezidalwa plant;
  • komzimba kwezilwanyana nabantu - ziyafana zonke, kuphela abameli zezilo.

Komzimba kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi na ngokubambisana, yaye oku akumangalisi. Kunzima ukufunda isakhiwo molecule iiseli kwesibindi, ukuba awazi ukuba yintoni na isibindi, apho ibekwe yaye yintoni imisebenzi yenziwa. Ngoko ke, olu qeqesho ithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo jikelele wenzululwazi yebhayoloji.

Ngokwawo, i owakhiwe yahlulahlulwe iintlobo zilandelayo:

  • lokuthelekisa;
  • ngendlela;
  • ubudala;
  • sendawo;
  • plastic;
  • esebenza;
  • Ukuhlola morphology.

icandelo ngalinye iinjongo zayo kunye neenjongo zesifundo, isifundo yokufunda yaye yenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu beqokelela ulwazi theoretical component eziphilayo.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo nenzululwazi

Human - oko ukufunda ngokuthe ngqo uqeqesho? Kuba impendulo sibheka kuzo neenjongo kunye neenjongo kwale nzululwazi.

Injongo: Ukwenza kubekho ulwazi oluchanileyo yeengcingane, iyangqinwa izifundo ezinokwenzeka zovavanyo lobume umzimba womntu, imilo kunye nendawo amalungu kunye neenkqubo, nokudaleka kwinkqubo yendaleko kunye nenguqu phantsi kweempembelelo imiba yokusingqongileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ngokuphathelele ne komzimba ekujoliswe - inzululwazi, le misebenzi ilandelayo:

  1. Phonononga amanqanaba lokusekwa yomntu yaye yomzimba wakhe kwinkqubo kwemvelo.
  2. Cinga isakhiwo amalungu, iinkqubo sihlolisise iipateni lokutshintsha ngenxa yeenguqu ezinxulumene-ubudala.
  3. Ukuphanda impembelelo iimeko kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kuphuhliso kwaye ukuyilwa amalungu kunye neenkqubo umzimba womntu.

Ngenxa yoko, siye safumana impendulo ethile kunye epheleleyo umbuzo othi "Anatomy - ntoni na?" kwaye sinako ukuqhubeka ukuqwalasela imbali kwale nzululwazi.

Imbali ukwakheka komzimba nje isayensi

Ngenxa zesayensi, eli uqeqesho kwasekwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi ithiyori waqala ukuba yande kumaxesha amandulo, enkosi imisebenzi greats ezifana noHippocrates, uAristotle, Gerofil, Erasistratus kunye nabanye.

ngokupheleleyo yaye ngokucacileyo sihlolisise anatomy wavela njani (inzululwazi yomntu) kwengu njengoko itafile.

Yamandulo eGrisi, iYiputa, iPersi, kunye China (460 g BC - .. XIII AD) Middle Ages kunye Renaissance (XIII - leminyaka XVIII) amaxesha Modern nowangoku (XVIII - xxi leminyaka)
1. "ಬಿಂದು uphawu" (Indian incwadi). Iqulethe inkcazelo ethile amalungu oluntu, izihlunu kunye luvo. Ukuqala kumaXesha Aphakathi luphawulwa ekuma kuphuhliso lolwazi yokwakheka. Akukho nto efundwayo zaphandwa, njengoko oku balelwa ibandla. Kodwa isiphelo XVII - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII - ixesha le Renaissance. Ngelo xesha, loo nto yenzeka uthotho iziganeko yaba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yenzululwazi. Eli xesha luphawulwa ekudalweni bezixhobo zimenza mkhulu, ezivumela ukuba ukuvula izakhiwo amancinci ezincane. Kukho komzimba zonyango. Formation iindlela ezintsha zophando izinto eziphilayo, kuquka abantu. Ngokucacileyo echazwe ingcamango oko komzimba - inzululwazi ukuba izifundo zibe nje imizimba, kodwa inkqubo yonke yomsebenzi wabo ukuze kwakhiwe ebomini.
2. "Neytszin" (incwadi Chinese). Iquka iinkcazelo ze intliziyo, izintso, isibindi kunye namanye amalungu oluntu. 1. I-Italian Mondino ngo-1316 edale tutorial incwadi yokuqala, ocacisa ukuba owakhiwe - inzululwazi imizimba yabantu kunye nobomi babo. 1. Carl Baer (iminyaka 1792-1876) - wavula iqanda lomntu uye wafundela ezisebenza ukuyilwa lamanqanaba lwegciwane kunye ekuqaleni kwenziwe la maqumrhu. Waba recapitulation theory umsunguli (uphindaphindo) e embryogenesis Umbungu ezinye iimpawu zangaphandle izilwanyana.
3. Ugqirha Egyptian Imhotep wafunda amacandelo umzimba womntu ngokusekelwe imizimba ukuqwayita. Zonke okuboniweyo wachaza kwaye ukudala umsebenzi wakhe. 2. 1473 g - imisebenzi yapapashwa kwaye uAvicenna Celsius wavelisa yokwakheka magama lokuqala zonyango malunga namagama. 2. Zhan Batist Lamark, Charles Darwin wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwemvelo. Darwin - umbhali e-worldwork theory kunayo ngemvelaphi iintlobo zabantu kunye nophuhliso lwabo nembali.
4. Roman Gerofil kunye nomsebenzi "anatomist 'yakhe. Wafunda ngqo isakhiwo lwangaphakathi imizimba yabantu, wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso komzimba womntu, ibizwa ngokuba nguyise uqeqesho. 3. Igalelo ekhethekileyo kuphuhliso ingqeqesho wazisa ngumzobi uLeonardo da Vinci, beyisebenzi- italente lakhe ukuba zarisovyvaniya ngokuchanekileyo izihlunu, amalungu, amalungu omzimba ngamathambo. Enakho ngaphezulu kwama-600 imizobo ecacileyo, zichanekile kwaye kucacile ezibonisa umsebenzi izihlunu kunye nesakhiwo zabo, amalungu ezahlukeneyo kunye namathambo. 3. Louis Pasteur - sisazinzulu brilliant, ekhemesti, eziphilayo. Wakwazi ukungqina nakwenzeka kwisizukulwana ezizenzekelayo ubomi ngaphandle inxaxheba ezincinane. Ixesha elininzi experimenti ukungqina oku, lowo nguyise ka eziphilayo. Kwakhona waba amalinge yokuqala yabantu ukugonyelwa nezifo.
5. Erasistratus (Greece) nayo yafunda ezakhiwe phezu izidumbu komthetho enetyala. Amelana noHippocrates wabeka phambili imfundiso ulwelo, ukulawula umzimba womntu kunye nezifo zalo. Wachaza amanye amalungu kunye nezihlunu. 4. Andreas Vezaly - nogqirha, umphandi, umdali semitomnika nokwakheka. Enye kubaphandi ezinkulu ixesha komzimba wakhe. Eyaziwayo mazwi kuphela kunye experiment, zonke iziphumo zifunyenwe yi yotyando amathambo nokuqokelela phakathi zokungcwaba. 4. Caspar Wolf - umsunguli embryogenesis, intsingiselo yalo engundoqo kunye nezalathiso.
6. Klavdiy Galen - imisebenzi yakhe kuba imithombo 400, nto leyo wachaza ngokweenkcukacha amaninzi kwiindawo noshowo omzimba, kuquka i-luvo kunye nezihlunu. umsebenzi wakhe izinto zokuqala ekufundiseni abanye abantu kuphononongo ukwakheka komzimba. 5. Vilyam kaGarvey - wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso izimvo malunga ukuhamba kwegazi ngokusebenzisa iimpahla. Owasungula le mthetho biogenetic, waza wavakalisa ingcamango imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ukusuka iqanda elinye. 5. Luigi Galvani - yamachiza odumileyo eyafumana uhlobo yombane neemvakalelo-luvo kwi nezihlunu eziphilayo ezivela ezilwanyaneni. Umsunguli of electrophysiology.
7. uCelsus - umseki iinkalo ezininzi zonyango komzimba. Wafunda tubal iimpahla, iziseko zotyando kunye nokhathalelo. 6. Eustace - vula umbhobho ezikhalayo, ogama emva kwakhe (Eustachian), edityaniswe indlebe oluphakathi kunye umoya ngaphandle. kwakhona kokwabo ukufunyanwa kunye nenkcazelo adrenal. Abaninzi wachaza imizimba yazo babekwa umsebenzi eziqhelekileyo ugqibile, yena akazange akwazi. 6. A indima enkulu kuphuhliso komzimba kunye namayeza e-Russia yaziswa nguPetros I. Yaba nguye lowo ukuseta isantya apho izazinzulu zelizwe lethu bakwazile ukwenza iqela yezinto ezibaluleke kunye ebalulekileyo inzululwazi ukunika ithuba lokuphuhlisa ngokuzimisela. Yena ukumkani wathabatha phezu amava labasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe. Ukudalwa i Russian Academy of Sciences kuye kwaba kuhle kakhulu kuphuhliso lwamacandelo ezininzi.
8. ugqirha Persian Abu Ibn Sina (uAvicenna) - liqulunqe ingcamango yokuba umzimba womntu welungu 4 engundoqo elijongene wonke umsebenzi wakhe; intliziyo, iba lityhalarha, isibindi, ingqondo. 7. Gabriele tubes - a njengokhozo Vesalius. Anakho ukuba inkcazo kunye ukufunyanwa eziliqela namalungu amancinane noshowo umzimba: i indlebe, amehlo kunye palatal kwizihlunu, imiba iziko kwetyala. Wachaza kwiziseko ngesakhiwo ukonakala zangasese. 7. Pirogov N. I. - Ugqirha obalaseleyo, umseki komzimba lothelekiso, lo Umsunguli indlela 'ice komzimba "(namarhela iziqwenga zabafileyo tyaba ukufunda kunye uthelekiso). umsebenzi wakhe waba sisiseko sokuphuhlisa zotyando.
9. I-amaGrike Empedocles and Alcmaeon. Negalelo kuphuhliso lolwazi malunga indlebe kunye namacandelo umbono, imithambo zilurhangqile. 8. Thomas Willis - ugqirha, owaziwa ngokuba kokufunyanwa eziliqela ngezifo, kwakunye uviwo ngokucokisekileyo luvo zabantu. kuqala 8. P. A. Zagorsky kunye IV Buyalsky yaye wakhululwa iincwadi nokwakheka zokuncedisa ekufundiseni abafundi.
10. I-amaGrike Anaxagoras and Aristophanes. Wahlolwa ngokuzimeleyo ingqondo kunye iqokobhe layo, sakubona ezichazwe. 9. Gleason. Echaza abasemagunyeni ngocoselelo ngakumbi owafunda oonyana ngezifo. 9. P. F. Lesgaft - umsunguli komzimba ezisebenzayo. Wafunda waza wachaza zezihlunu, amathambo, umsebenzi wabo isakhiwo omzimba.
11. UEuripides kunye uDiogenes bakwazi ukubona Kwangale portal, wachaza ezinye kwegazi, kwezinye iindawo ezininzi yomsebenzi wabo. 10. Casparo Azelli. Ndenza inkcazelo echanileyo iimpahla emathunjini emithanjeni. A lot of umgudu wasibeka kuphuhliso izimvo malunga yintshukumo iinkqubo igazi kunye emithanjeni. 10. V. N. Tonkov. Wacebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-X ray ukuze ukufunda amathambo. Umsunguli ukwakheka komzimba uvavanyo njengendlela yokuziqeqesha.
12. Aristotle. Ndifunda izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Uye wadala imisebenzi ngaphezulu kwama-400 abasuka kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Ithatyathwa sisiseko zonke ngumphefumlo ophilileyo, ambonise indlela ukufana isakhiwo isilwanyana kunye nabantu. 11. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ukubheka phambili kuphuhliso ukwakheka waba "theatre yokwakheka": kwesidumbu izidumbu esidlangalaleni. Kwiziganeko ezinjalo ekuvumele abanqwenela ukufunda amayeza. Ngexesha kwesidumbu, yaqhuba ingxoxo kunye into awayibonayo. Ube phezu inxalenye kuleCawe kube nefuthe elihle sifunda ngezinto ezingundoqo komzimba. 11. DA Zhdanov, BI Lavrentiev, NM Jakubowicz wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwazi malunga nesakhiwo ezisebenza ingqondo, ukuze baqhube azilawule.
13. noHippocrates - umbhali ingcamango uqhuba ulwelo ezine umzimba: igazi, phlegm, duct tyheli namnyama. Wakhanyela iimbono zemfundiso le komzimba abantu kunye nezilwanyana. 12. I. I. Mechnikov - umbhali kwengcamango sifo, discoverer yenkqubo phagocytosis. Wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel umsebenzi wakhe kulo ndawo.

Kakade ke, oku akuthethi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamagama imisebenzi zexabiso elikhulu ithiyori kwaye aluncedo kuphuhliso Sciences ezifana nokwakheka.

Yintoni na kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo namhlanje? Abaphengululi Modern kwakhona musani ukuphumla umxakatho zabo. Ngamaxesha athile zenzeke zonke izinto ezintsha kwezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezinye iinkqubo kusekho Akukwazi emntwini, kwaye oko yinto efunekayo.

Unxibelelwano Anatomy and Physiology

Bona ke ngokusondeleyo kakhulu ngokunxulumene neminye komzimba ngamnye kunye zomzimba. Kanye nesayensi, ukuba kuphela kudityaniswa kunika ingcaciso epheleleyo malunga nesakhiwo, imilo, isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo ilungu elithile. Ngako oko ke belingana kunye Sciences ahambelanayo yokwakheka amalungu kwezityalo nezilwanyana, kuquka abantu apho.

Oku intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo kakhulu, elikuvumela ukuqonda indlela yomzimba womntu. Ngoko ke, ukubasebenzisa kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iyeza le data. Kubonakala ukuba phantse zonke wenzululwazi yebhayoloji - ngokusondeleyo ngalo tangle, batsale loo umsonto, ungafumana ulwazi elikhethekileyo epheleleyo malunga naluphi na ukuba ophilayo.

Nokwakheka kubafundi

Ikharityhulam Ikhosi enye izifundo ezibalulekileyo kubafundi eliphezulu isikolo lo nokwakheka. Xa iklasi uqala ukufunda ngayo? Njengoko isayensi kufundiswa, ukusuka wesibhozo. Kodwa nolwazi yokuqala malunga isakhiwo umzimba womntu kunye nokusebenza imizimba sele kwisikolo aphantsi.

ukufunda isifundo kwisikolo samabanga

Ngokwendalo, ukufunda baqeqeshwe kuqala kunye kwiklasi yokuqala, nangona abstract kwaye ngohlobo olufikeleleka abantwana lichaza ezinye magama yokwakheka. Umzekelo, ehleli ngokungafanelekanga kwi edesikeni kunokukhokelela ugobile lomqolo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kule ubudala, sele bonke abantwana bazi apho kwalapho. Kwaba kuphela kwibakala lesine iqala anatomy "yokwenene". 4 iklasi - Inqanaba zavershayushy yemfundo yaseprayimari. Abantwana iqeqeshwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze sifunde ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo ezininzi ezingundoqo yokwakheka. Uqeqesho olunikwa le program ngethuba uqeqesho "ngaphandle ihlabathi". Abantwana banikwe mphandle jikelele ngokwamalungu omzimba womntu, igama labo kunye negama zixokelelwano ukwakha. Kwakhona ijolise kwimisebenzi eyenziwa.

Komzimba for Grade 8

Kwinqanaba eliphakathi loqeqesho isifundo komzimba womuntu enenkcukacha kwaye iphelele. Grade 8 icebisa unyaka ingqalelo ngenyameko imiba kunye nomthamo olu qeqesho. Ngeli thuba sifundisisa yonke into ukususela kwimbali nokwakheka ziphethe umsebenzi eliphezulu luvo kunye nabantwana.

Abantwana bafunda ngazo zonke iinkalo ngesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza iinkqubo omzimba, amacandelo ngamnye kwaye inika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha nemiphumela yeemeko zangaphandle kuphuhliso lwabantu. Sikwaqwalasela imiba zazivelela kunye nokusekwa kwe-uhlanga lwabantu. Oko kukuthi, izakhiwo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi ukufunda komzimba womuntu.

Tutorial "Grade 8. Anatomy" kuquka eqaqambileyo enemifanekiso, ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye ntetho olufikelelekayo kubonwe ingcaciso ngemiba yonke imicimbi uqeqesho. Ukongeza, incamathele kuyo, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, uphando kwi isayensi phantse. Ngu incwadi wadala iincwadi zabafundi, kwakunye nenani zokuncedisa ekufundiseni kootitshala.

Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba ukubethelela ulwazi olunika eziphilayo (komzimba womuntu). Grade 8 - hayi nje elinye apho imibuzo yokwakheka achaphazelekayo, kodwa esingundoqo.

Izifundo zokufunda kwibakala 9 esikolweni

Kwezinye izikolo, le isayensi efanelekileyo kwixesha elizayo - kule khosi ye-grade 9. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa yobunzima lo mbandela nokwenziwa ilungileyo kuya kwenzeka ebudeni elivisayo, ixesha lokusekwa osezingqondweni umntwana omdala.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho mathandabuzo kwinto yokuba isifundo ngaphambili zesifundo ayikho ngaphantsi kakuhle. Ngapha koko, kukho ezininzi yamacandelo, nelinika abafundi kunye eziphilayo. Grade 9 "for Human" ijolise izigaba ngaphambili ndifunda ngemiba enzima efana isakhiwo molecule iiseli kunye nenyama xa iyonke, imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela. Ngoko ke, ukuba bathi xa engakanani ngobudala kungcono ukufunda anatomy kakade, kunzima. Human - isayensi ufunda ikakhulu isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi emzimbeni womntu. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukulibazisa ukufundisisa "kubuyiselwa" bebandezelwe iyavakala.

Grade 10 kunye nokwakheka

Ngaphambili (phambi 1980), olu qeqesho ngokubanzi, zenzeka kuphela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Kuyinto eqongeni lokugqibela loqeqesho yabonakala komzimba. iklasi 10 yayigqalwa ixesha zezona zifaneleke kakhulu oku.

abantwana zanamhlanje ikhulela kwixesha utshintshwano olunzulu kwinzululwazi neteknoloji. ukwazi labo lizele, baba uphuhliso kakhulu ngakumbi kwaye esebenza kakhulu. Umthamo isifundo nezinto yandisa yatshintshwa kakhulu (eziphuculweyo) iindlela kunye namacebo zokufundisa. Ngoko ke, ukugqithiselwa isifundo ukwakheka kwi ibakala 8 iye inkcazelo yayo ubhalo kwaye ayikho into embi.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 xh.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.