I Gulag nkqubo kwi-USSR

History of the Gulag ngokusondeleyo edibene yonke leSoviet, kodwa ngokukodwa ixesha layo kaStalin. womnatha Camps welula kwilizwe liphela. Ukuba watyelela ezininzi zamaqela asolwa inqaku odumileyo th 58. I Gulag kwakuyinkqubo kuphela lommiselo, kodwa ukuyilwa kuqoqosho eSoviet. Amabanjwa iiprojekthi zibalaseleyo ukwenziwa kwe ezintlanu zokuqala.

Imvelaphi i Gulag

Inkqubo lwexesha elizayo Gulag waqalisa ivele ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba iiBolsheviks weza ngamandla. Ngexesha leMfazwe Civil urhulumente waseSoviet liqala ikheswa iklasi kunye neentshaba ezizinzululwazi kwiinkampu zoxinaniso ekhethekileyo. Ke eli gama na ubalekwe, njengoko uvavanyo inkohlakalo ngokwenene wamkela ngexesha inkohlakalo Wesithathu.

Ekuqaleni le nkampu yi Lva Trotskogo kunye Vladimir Lenin. izothuso Mass nxamnye "counter-revolution 'sele u khomiwile ewonke ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba etyebileyo, abanini-mveliso, abaqeshisi, abarhwebi, iinkokeli zecawa, njalo njalo. D. Kungekudala eminqubeni banikwa i Cheka, uFeliks Dzerzhinsky yaba usihlalo. Lahlela ngabafakwa uviko. Kwafuneka ukuba ukukhulisa uqoqosho zuka.

Ukuba ngo-1919 phezu kwintsimi RSFSR 21 kuphela inkampu ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil, kukho sele 122. baba In Moscow yedwa, kwakukho amaziko asixhenxe ezinjalo, eziye bahlangana abakhonkxiweyo ekuvalelweni kwilizwe liphela. Ngowe-1919, ikomkhulu bayo abantu ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu. Lalingekafiki inkqubo Gulag, kodwa kuphela prototype. Noko ke, kwakukho isiko njengako apho, yonke imisebenzi izinto OGPU ayamileyo kuphela beluqonda, kunokuba umthetho Soviet jikelele.

Yokuqala inkampu zabasebenzi kwinkqubo Gulag ubekhona xa imo yonxunguphalo. I-Civil War, umgaqo Communism imfazwe kwakhokelela ekubeni okuchasene nomthetho kunye ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo amabanjwa.

Solovki

Ngowe-1919, i-Cheka wadala kwiinkampu eziliqela kumantla eRashiya, hayi kanye mandithi, kummandla Arkhangelsk. Kungekudala, lo womnatha kuthiwa indlovu. Imela for "Injongo Special Northern Camp". Isixokelelwano Gulag eSoviet Union wabonakala kwimimandla ezisemaphandleni lwamazwe amakhulu.

Ngowe-1923, i-Cheka ukuba similise okwaloo GPU. I-arhente ezintsha azakubalulwa ngokwayo amalinge amaninzi. Omnye kubo isindululo ukuseka kwinkampu omtsha mandatory kwi Nqabakazi Solovetsky, leyo kude enkampini kakhulu wasentla. Ngaphambi koku, kwiziqithi kuLwandle loGayo woonongendi Orthodox. Wavalwa ekulweni eCaweni kunye "nababingeleli".

Ngoko ke wazalwa omnye wabalinganiswa eziphambili Gulag. Yaba kwinkampu yentolongo Solovki. Iprojekthi yakhe ecetywayo yi Iosifom Unshlihtom - enye ngoko ke iinkokheli Cheka-GPU. Isiphelo sakhe ngokomzekeliso. Le ndoda negalelo kuphuhliso kwenkqubo yengcinezelo, ixhoba awathi ekugqibeleni waba. Ngowe-1938 wadutyulwa kwisiza odumileyo "Kommunarka". Le ndawo yaba kuyo ehlobo Henry Berry - Commissar of the NKVD kwi 30. Naye wadutyulwa.

Solovky yaba yenye nkampu ephambili Gulag 20. Njengoko kuyalelwe OGPU kuyo ke ukuba agcinelwe amabanjwa mthetho kunye nezopolitiko. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokuba imbonakalo Solovki wakhula, ukuba eyahlula phezu mpumalanga, kuquka kwiRiphabliki Karelia. inkqubo Gulag njalo landiswa kunye namabanjwa ezintsha.

Ngowe-1927, amawaka 12 abantu eziqulathwe kule nkampu Solovki. Imozulu ngqwabalala kunye neemeko kunzima kunokukhokelela ekuswelekeni rhoqo. Kuba lonke ixesha ubukho kweminquba oko wangcwatywa abantu abangaphezulu kwama-7000. Noko ke, malunga nesiqingatha sabo wafa ngowe-1933, xa ilizwe lonke kuhlasele indlala.

Solovki ayaziwa kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo malunga neengxaki ngaphakathi eminqubeni wazama ukuba ume ngaphandle. Ngowe-1929, Nqabakazi weza Mxim Gorky, ngexesha oyintloko of Soviet Writers. Wayefuna ukuba ukuhlola iimeko enkampini. igama zombhali yaba umisela umzekelo: iincwadi zakhe yashicilelwa circulations ezinkulu, yena wayesaziwa ekuguqukeni yesikolo endala. Ngoko ke, abaninzi amabanjwa eziqhotyoshelwe kuyo nethemba lokuba uza kusihlangula kawonke yonke into eyenzekayo phakathi kweendonga alowo wayesakuba monastery.

Phambi Gorky ndaye ndisesiqithini, nkampu obucocekileyo esipheleleyo sasifakwa nembono endilisekileyo. Sentuthumbo amabanjwa bayeka. Kulo mzekelo, yaye amabanjwa ezisengozini ukuba xa ethetha Gorky malunga ubomi babo, bejamelene isohlwayo esiqatha. Umbhali, watyelela Solovki, wavuya nendlela ngokutsha ukufundisa amabanjwa, wafundisa ukusebenza nokubuyela eluntwini. Noko ke, enye yezi ntlanganiso, xa detkolonii, Gorky waya lo mfana. Waxelela iindwendwe celebrity malunga baxhaphaze ntolongo: .. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwikhephu, ixesha, emi engqeleni, njl weza Gorky ngaphandle enqabeni yomkhosi iinyembezi. Xa ayeya nezwe, inkwenkwe wadutyulwa. inkqubo Gulag kohlwaywa ngokuqatha naziphi na amabanjwa abagxekayo.

Stalin kaThixo Gulag

Ngowe-1930, le nkqubo ekugqibeleni kwasekwa Gulag phantsi Stalin. Kuye subordinated kwi NKVD yaye elinye lamasebe ezintlanu eziphambili yaBantu Commissariat. Kwakhona ngo-1934, i-Gulag wawela zonke iintolongo loo madini ebekade ekule yaBantu Commissariat of Justice. kanzima savunywa ngokusemthethweni okulungisa Labour Code of the RSFSR. Ngoku amabanjwa amaninzi kwafuneka ukuba baqaphele kwezoqoqosho kunye nezibonelelo iiprojekthi kakhulu yingozi ukuvelela: ulwakhiwo, imijelo ukumba, etc ...

Abasemagunyeni benza yonke into kwi inkqubo Gulag eSoviet Union kwabonakala ukuba mahala ngabemi mthetho. Ukuze wenze oku, ziqhuba amaphulo rhoqo eceleni. Ngowe-1931, umsebenzi wokwakha waqalisa edume kuLwandle White Canal. Yaba enye iiprojekthi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuqala Unyaka-Five Plan Stalin kaThixo. inkqubo Gulag - naye yenye yeendlela kwezoqoqosho karhulumente eSoviet.

Ukuze abemi bafunde ngokweenkcukacha malunga nokwakhiwa i-White Sea Canal ngokoMthetho HIV, i-Party wamaKomanisi wamnika umsebenzi ukulungiselela ababhali ezaziwayo-kakuhle ukumdumisa le ncwadi. Ngoko kwakukho umsebenzi "Canal Stalin." Ngaphezu kokuba iqela ababhali: Tolstoy, Gorky, Pogodin kunye Shklovsky. Ingakumbi umdla kukuba le ncwadi wathetha kakuhle malunga nabaphangi kunye namasela, umsebenzi wakhe lwalusetyenziswa. I Gulag wabamba indawo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoqoqosho eSoviet. servitude cheap wavumela ngokukhawuleza ukuphumeza umsebenzi izicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu.

Ezopolitiko kunye nezaphuli

inkqubo inkampu Gulag waba zahlulo ezimbini. Yaba kwihlabathi ezopolitiko kunye vugevenga. Abokugqibela babo awongwa ngurhulumente "ekuhlaleni close". Eli gama liyathandwa ubuxoki eSoviet. Ezinye mthetho baye bazama ukuba basebenzisane kunye nolawulo kwinkampu, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ubukho babo. Ngelo efanayo kubo abanegunya befuna ukunyaniseka kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo esweni.

Ezininzi "Iintshaba zabantu", walahlwa ngenxa zaseMelika ekuthiwa ze anti-eSoviet naniswele ithuba ukulwela amalungelo abo. Amaninzi, baye babhenela kusehla indlala. Ngoncedo lwabo amabanjwa ezopolitiko bazama ukutsala ingqalelo lulawulo ezinzima iimeko zokuphila, ukuxhatshazwa kunye ukuxhatshazwa ntolongo.

ezile ukutya Abangatshatanga weza ilothe nto. Ngamanye amaxesha NKVD nako ukwandisa kuphela yeentlungu ngecala. Ukwenza oku phambi abalambayo amacwecwe babekwa ukutya okumnandi kunye nokutya ezinqongopheleyo.

ukulwa khalaza

Abaphathi nkampu akalirholanga ingqalelo yogwayimbo indlala kuphela xa kuye abaninzi. Naliphi na inyathelo yamxhel'omnye amabanjwa kwakhokelela ekubeni abanye babo ayekhangela baphembeleli, ngoko eyayisingethe ngenkohlakalo.

Hi xikombiso, ku Uhtpechlage ngo-1937 iqela ofunyenwe Trotskyism ugwayimbo yindlala. kwabonakala Naliphi na uqhankqalazo salungelelaniswa imisebenzi counter-revolution kunye isoyikiso ukuya kurhulumente. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kule nkampu kwakukho umoya ukusola benza ngamnye namanye amabanjwa. Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, abaququzeleli yindlala, phezu koko, ekuhleni ngo iphulo yayo, ngenxa lithemba elula apho bazifumanisa. Xa oovulindlela Uhtpechlage wabanjwa. Abavuma ukunika ubungqina. Ke ezintathu NKVD wagwetywa amaqhawe ukufa.

Ukuba uhlobo logwayimbo yezopolitiko Gulag yaba lwepaki, le zaqalwa nezolo. Noko ke, oovulindlela abo ngokuqhelekileyo mthetho. Enetyala phantsi kweSiqendu 58 badla babe ngamaxhoba bobubi kwenziwa imiyalelo abaphathi bakhe. Abameli lemimoya wavuka angabikho emsebenzini okanye babambe ofisi elithembekileyo neliyingqondi ngaloo msimelelo kweminquba.

yabasebenzi abanezakhono kule nkampu

Le nto iye yanxulunyaniswa yokuba inkqubo Gulag uphethwe ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. NKVD ngamanye amaxesha abanayo imfundo. Abasemagunyeni nkampu zazidla ngokuba kwanyanzeleka ukuba babeke phezu kwizikhundla kwezoqoqosho, yolawulo kunye nobugcisa unjengonetyala ngokwabo.

Ngaphezu koko, phakathi ngamabanjwa opolitiko kuye abantu abaninzi ukuzibonakalisa ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa kwimfuno baba "koongqondo zobugcisa" - .. Engineers, njl Kule 30 ekuseni abantu abafundiswa impiriyali eRashiya yaye ziingcali kunye neengcali. Kwiimeko yimpumelelo, amabanjwa ezinjalo nokuba iqale ubudlelwane bokuthembana kulawulo kweminquba. Ezinye zazo kunye ukufikelela iya kuhlala kule nkqubo sele kwinqanaba lolawulo.

Noko ke, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-30 ukuba zisancumisa wolawulo, leyo nayo kubonisiwe kakhulu zekah. ezahlukeneyo kakhulu yaba ukuma iingcali ezo kwihlabathi intracamp. I uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi uhlobo kunye nobungakanani bokonakala kwe boss ethile kakuhle-ntle yabantu. Inkqubo eSoviet wadala inkqubo Gulag yaye ukuzidimaza ngokupheleleyo abachasi bakhe - wokwenene okanye ecingelwayo. Ngoko ke, akukho liberalism ngokunxulumene amabanjwa azikwazanga.

sharashka

luck Ulungile ezo beengcali nabaphengululi abawela ekuthiwa sharashka. Yaba amaziko uhlobo evaliweyo, apho wayenza into emfihlekweni yenzululwazi. Izazinzulu ezininzi abadumileyo kuwa enkampini yakhe free-iingcinga. Umzekelo, oku Sergei Korolev - umntu waba uphawu ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni Soviet. Xa sharashka wavuka abayili, iinjineli, abantu ezinxulumene noshishino emkhosini.

La maziko zazibonakala inkcubeko. Umbhali Alexander Solzhenitsyn, ngubani waba sharashka, kwiminyaka emininzi kamva wabhala incwadi ethi "I Lokuqala Circle," nto leyo ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha ubomi amabanjwa. Lo mbhali waziwa kakhulu enye incwadi yakhe - ". I Gulag Archipelago"

Gulag njengenxalenye yoqoqosho Soviet

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwintolongo ezimbaxa yaye ibeyinto ebalulekileyo kumacandelo amaninzi mveliso. I Gulag nkqubo, ngamafutshane, kwakukho naphi imigudu ikhoboka yamabanjwa zinokusetyenziswa. Ngakumbi kuye imangalelwe ezimayini, petroleum kunye neenkuni mveliso. Indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ukwakhiwa lwenkunzi. Phantse zonke izakhiwo ezinkulu le kuStalin maxesha zakhiwa zekami. Baba abasebenzi mobile kwaye sitshiphu.

Emva kwemfazwe, indima yeminquba uqoqosho iye ebaluleke nangakumbi. Ububanzi ngebhaxa iye yandiswa ngenxa projekthi atom, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi emkhosini. Ngowe-1949, malunga ne-10% yemveliso kweli lizwe wadalwa kule nkampu.

iinkampu unprofitability

Nokuba ngaphambi kwemfazwe, ukuze ukuba ukujongela phantsi ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho nkampu, Stalin kubhangise ingqawule kule nkampu. Kwenye iingxoxo malunga isiphelo amafama abazibona kwiinkampu emva ukuhluthwa, wathi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuza inkqubo entsha inkuthazo yemveliso emsebenzini, njalo njalo. D. amaninzi ingqawule elinde umntu, okanye zizakubalulwa ezibekile, okanye babe elinye Stakhanovite.

Emva kokuba inkqubo ngokuphawula Stalin kaThixo lisisiqalo irhoxisiwe iintsuku zomsebenzi. Ngokutsho amabanjwa ayo ukunciphisa ixesha lakhe, eshiya nemveliso. I NKVD akazange afune ukwenza oko elirhoxisa lamatyala idima amabanjwa nkuthazo asebenze ngokuzimisela. Oku, kwakhokelela ziyakweyela inzuzo naluphi kweminquba. Nakuba kunjalo, iimvavanyo eziye zarhoxiswa.

Yaba ukulahlekelwa-ngokwenza amashishini Gulag (phakathi ezinye izizathu) banyanzelisa iinkokheli eSoviet ukuba ulungise yonke le nkqubo, nto leyo likhona ngaphambili ngaphandle sikhokelo esemthethweni, ngaphakathi ulwazi lwe NKVD.

ukusebenza kancinci abasebenzi entolongweni iye yanxulunyaniswa nento yokuba abaninzi kubo iingxaki zempilo. Kwagqitywa ezikhuthazwa ukutya embi, iimeko zokuphila amahlwempu, ulawulo intlondi kunye nezinye iingxaki ezininzi. Ngowe-1934, i-16% of amabanjwa zaye ikhubaziwe ne-10% - izigulana.

Ukungabikho Gulag

Ukwala Gulag waba ngcembe. Umfutho ekuqaleni kwale nkqubo kokufa kukaStalin ngowe-1953. Ukupheliswa kwenkqubo Gulag yasungulwa kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa emva koko.

Okokuqala zonke USSR Ephakamileyo eSoviet wakhupha umyalelo kwi uxolelo abaninzi. Ngoko ke, baye bakhululwa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha amabanjwa ziye. Njengomgaqo, baba ngabantu, sokusebenza kwakhe ngaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu.

Ngelo xesha uninzi ngamabanjwa opolitiko kuhlala emva kwezitshixo. kokufa kukaStalin kunye nokutshintsha ngamandla amabanjwa amaninzi wabethelela intembelo yokuba kungekudala into iza kutshintsha. Ukongeza, amabanjwa baqalisa ukuxhathisa esidlangalaleni kwingcinezelo kakubi ngabasemagunyeni kweminquba. Ngoko ke, ukuba kubekho zaqalwa eziliqela (eVorkuta, Norilsk kunye yaseKengir).

Esinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo Gulag waye XX Congress of the CPSU. Kwenziwe Nikita Hruschev, kutshanje akholiswa umzabalazo vnutriapparatnoy igunya. Ukususela rostrum eveza lehlelo Stalin ngayo ubuntu kunye inkohlakalo ezininzi ngexesha lakhe.

Ngelo xesha kwi kamu iikhomishini ezizodwa ukwenza zokuhlaziywa kolwabiwo amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Ngowe-1956 inani labo laba izihlandlo ngaphantsi kwesithathu. Ukupheliswa kwenkqubo Gulag kungqamane nokudluliselwa zamasebe entsha - i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Internal Affairs USSR. Ngowe-1960, i-Reserve yagxothwa lokugqibela GUITK Head (Main Administration of okulungisa Labour Camps) uMikhail Holodkov.