Ukurekhodwa rhoqo zeziganeko zembali - irekhodi, ubungqina kunye maxesha nenzululwazi

ukurekhodwa rhoqo zeziganeko zembali eyayikho ngemihla ekuqaleni ngokuyinxenye ngenxa ingamampunge, umnqweno ukugqithisa bobempunde izenzo ezikhulu yabalawuli yamandulo. Sokuthimba Kubaphathi - wokwenene okanye etsomo - obenza isiseko yemihla yokuqala luvula indlela eya ulwazi zehlabathi lamandulo. ziganeko zembali kunye neendaba Inokuchazwa ngokunyanisekileyo okanye ngabom, kodwa thina oonyana ezikude, anomdla naziphi bechola-chola ulwazi ibekwe yemihla yamandulo.

Amarekhodi yokuqala

Le nkcazelo indala malunga ubomi ookhokho bethu azifumaneki kwiirekhodi yamaGrike amandulo kunye nababingeleli baseYiputa. Imibhalo Rock, iingceba izikhumba kunye retellings ngomlomo wabeka isiseko isifundo idlulileyo uluntu. Kamva, kunye nophuhliso lokubhala ukurekhodwa rhoqo zeziganeko zembali sele baqhelane - kwazanywa ukuba bahlole ngembali kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo ukuba sizivandlakanye rhoqo. Ngoko ke kwabonakala irekhodi yokuqala. kuthethwa lokuqala iingxelo zembali asusela kwixesha zikude impucuko yokuqala ka-India, eMesopotamiya, China neYiputa.

imithombo eyahlukeneyo

Inala ubungqina malunga iziganeko zehlabathi yamandulo uqulathwe iBhayibhile neTalmud. Umzekelo, ukukhankanywa yokumkani wamandulo Nabu-kudurri-usur ezifumaneka yeziKronike isiAkkadia. Yintoni ukumkani, kwaye kukho ulawulo lwakhe koko ixesha elithile - Lo mbuzo impendulo ezifunekayo. ukurekhodwa rhoqo zeziganeko zembali abazange ukunika inkcazelo epheleleyo, kunye notoliko impixano ziyabhidisa lwamathuba yembali ukusuka mbali zamandulo zidida ngokupheleleyo. Yathatha iinzame izizukulwana-mbali nabaphandi ukuchonga ukumkani wamandulo kweMilambo kunye uNebhukadenetsare yeBhayibhile nokuseka wobukumkani bakhe. kamva mbali Bold nokucingela zaye kungqinwe ngabembi bezinto, yaye makusetyenziswe imigaqo yokuba ukuthandana mihla ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive le carbon ukuba unciphise kakhulu phantsi ixesha elimisiweyo kutsalela era ngexesha lobukhosi ethile.

zemihla yonke-Russian

Xa abenzi bemilingo ka Kievan Rus waqalisa isamba iziganeko karhulumente yamandulo. Yemihla endala kakhulu Nestorovskaya Chronicle, eyasekwa Kyïv kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-12. Nestor ndawonye lonke ulwazi kunye namabali malunga nokusekwa Rus 'wabanika ukugqibelela kunye esakhiweni.

yesandla yomhla kwiinkulungwane 14-15. Ukuba yasinda Vladimir igumbi, i Radziwill Chronicle, nasemagumbini Lavrentiev Hypatius imvelaphi. Ekupheleni i Chronicle zonke-Russian wadalwa kwenkulungwane ye-16 - ekuthiwa- Nikon Chronicle, nto leyo eye sathatha bonke kakuhle ezaziwayo-ngexesha kwimithombo zaseprayimari size sidale umlando yakho sobuso.

Ukulandelelana kweziganeko periodization

Bechola-chola ulwazi azikhange odolwa kwaye banikwa aluhlaza eninzi. Ukukhankanywa omnye umlawuli ngokufuthi idibene izihlandlo eziliqela, kwaye kwakunzima kunzima ukubona kunye neziganeko yokwenene zembali. Amagama lamathuba yezembali kunye neziganeko kunye neenkcukacha amaxesha ngamaxesha zaye zaphuhliswa kakhulu kamva. ngeyantlukwano yabo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwisebe elikhethekileyo izifundo zenzululwazi - ubalo zembali.

zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ulwazi ngembali yehlabathi ziye zavela ngenxa ukuba izidingo zabantu systematizing kwaye eyalela iziganeko ezahlukeneyo ngaphambili. Kwabakho imfuneko periodization - ukwabiwa zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo imbali kunye nokuqonda isiqulatho yabo. ixesha ngolu hlobo kufuneka ukuba isekelwe naziphi na iimpawu ezifana ezivumela iziganeko ezahlukeneyo ukuya kwicala elinye. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni Old Kingdom olwenze inkqubo eneentyatyambo khoboka njalo njalo.

Ikhalenda yomlando okuzama

Umgaqo kakhulu elula ngokubala amaxesha namathuba yindlela wekhalenda. yobudala Various Bayifaka ixesha zembali ngawo ekubaleni lwenziwa ngokwayo. imithombo Kamva ekwabelwana ixesha zembali zibe eziqaphelekayo ezimbini - phambi kukaKristu nasemva uKristu.

Iisampuli Historical zaziwa ukususela kwixesha enzulu. Ngoko ke ixesha libalwa ixesha lokudla omnye okanye omnye ubukhosi elilawulayo. Nakule mihla, le ndlela kakhulu zithandwa - izazinzulu, umzekelo, ukwahlula lolawulo Tudors eNgilani okanye ingxelo malunga isiganeko yembali e China ethile, uthandana ixesha kwayo le Tang Dynasty. Unokubona ukuba yena kunye namanye ukurekhodwa rhoqo zeziganeko zembali kakhulu lula - ukuhlelwa le khalenda likuvumela ukuba ucwangcise kakuhle ixesha isakhelo lwesiganeko. Ukubambana ukuya yokuhlela zembali ityhila iimpawu ixesha elidlulileyo.

ukurekhodwa rhoqo zeziganeko zembali oluqhubekayo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke izixhobo zosasazo ezifumanekayo. Sashiya kakhulu ubungqina ebomini bethu. Mhlawumbi ukuba oonyana bethu baya kuba nako ukuqonda izibakala ezininzi zobomi bethu banamhlanje ubanike uqikelelo endilisekileyo.