Tiberiy Grakh - yezopolitiko Roman

Tiberiy Grakh ngomnye babantu abadumileyo kwimbali eRoma yamandulo. Waba odumileyo njenge mthetho, wenguquko, abapolitiki kunye nani yoluntu. A indima ebalulekileyo ukusasazeka biography of Inkokheli ibidlala iimeko wabulawa phantsi apho Tiberiy Grakh. Biography eli nani zembali ziya kuba isifundo isifundo sethu.

imvelaphi

Tiberiy Grakh banawo endala Sempronius. Kuzenza, nangona a abangenakwazi, kodwa yaba wezindlu wabanumzana - imibuso elite Roman Republic.

Imbali abangenakwazi uhlobo Sempronius uqalisa esibuyel'emva kwayo III. BC. e. Isebe yokuqala abameli abadumileyo le Gracchi yaba ukhokho ibali lethu uTshawe, lowo ke nobizo lwakhe. Ubezukile yena ngo-238 BC. e. ukuba Unozakuzaku weRiphabhliki. Unyana wakhe omdala, uTibheriyo waba ngunozakuzaku kabini sele - kule minyaka 215 no 213. BC. e., kodwa wabulawa ngexesha yesiBini Punic War. umntwana wakhe wesibini - kaPubliyo - utatomkhulu wakhe waba wenguquko.

Nyana linguPubliyo; ayenxiba igama yemveli kukaTibheriyo, naye wawongwa kwisihloko ngunozakuzaku kwiminyaka 177 no 163. BC. e. Ngaphambi koku, ngo-187 BC. e., yena waka abantu.

LinguPubliyo watshata cornelia - ummeli ntsapho amanene patrician kunye intombi winner edume ithawula - Publiya Korneliya Scipio africanus Omdala. Xa lo mtshato 12 wazalelwa. Noko ke, de abe mdala sakwazi ukusinda ezintathu kuphela: uTibheriyo Gracchus, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, umninawa wakhe Guy kunye nodadewabo Sempronia.

Ukuzalwa nolutsha

Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi xa ukuzalwa eRoma ukuba Tiberiy Grakh. Eyona amathuba kuthathwa 166, 163 okanye 162 iminyaka. BC. e.

UTibheriyo walahlekelwa uyise - wafa 154 BC. e. Umama akazange aphinde atshate. Nangona, ngokutsho legend, oko Ndandithandana nkqu ummeli kaPtolemy - imbewu enobukhosi eYiputa. Wagqiba ekubeni azinikele ngokwayo ukuba ukukhulisa abantwana.

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-kangangeminyaka elishumi uTibheriyo ubudala wathabatha zekholeji esingababingeleli ngayo kubonisa ukuba, leyo ingqalelo ebekekileyo kakhulu.

Tiberiy Grakh waba odumileyo eselula. Yena inxaxheba ngokuthinjwa Carthage kwesesibini Punic War, wenza phantsi umyalelo nomzala wakhe kwicala likanina Scipio i Emilian Afrika. Nokuba uTibheriyo ngo-146 BC. e. wokuqala amaRoma ikwazile sikhwele iindonga kwesi sixeko.

Kuqhubekayo emkhosini

Ke uTibheriyo waqhubeka inkonzo yakhe yasemkhosini eSpeyin. Waye quaestor uGayo Hostilius Manzini. Kodwa engemveleli wakhe na wona yayibiyelwe Iberia. Ngokusebenzisa thethwano, leyo wathabatha inxaxheba nguTibheriyo, oko kwenzeka kuphela ukuba ukurhoxisa amajoni lawo kokusingqongileyo, kodwa ukuba awenze Iberians kakuhle isivumelwano soxolo.

Noko ke, ekubuyeni kwakhe eRoma, uTibheriyo, iNdlu Yeengwevu akazange ukuqinisa uxwebhu, ekubeni kwenziwe ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe.

Imeko yezopolitiko eRoma

Nkqu kwisiqingatha sokuqala nje III ngenkulungwane, owafuza igama usapho kunye Gracchi, sakwazi ukuphumeza ukuqondwa amalungelo abo ezopolitiko. Bazizityebi kubo kunye patricians baseka iklasi entsha Ekulawuleni yombuso waseRoma - izikhulu.

Indawo yasekwa ukulwela amalungelo abangenakwazi waka abantu. Amagunya nabathetheli ziquka kungekuphela nje ithuba lokuba abize indibano kazwelonke kunye nokubeka phambili amalinge owiso-mthetho, kodwa ke ilungelo azo izigqibo yeeNgwevu. Abanyulelwe lo umiphi kuphela abameli wokuzalwa abangenakwazi.

Isivuno a kwezopolitiko

Ngelo xesha, uTibheriyo wemka emkhosini waza wagqiba ekubeni azinikele kwimisebenzi yentlalo nezopolitiko. Sele kwinqanaba elithile baduma phakathi kwabantu, wathabatha umngcipheko 134 BC. e. ngumgqatswa wonyulo abantu nabathetheli yabantu, ngubani ophumelele ngempumelelo.

Enye izibonelelo eziphambili inkqubo yonyulo kukaTibheriyo Gracchus, awangqinelwa ngawo ukuba ixhaswa ngabantu, ibe komhlaba.

Izinto ezibangela komhlaba

Phambi Tiberiy Grakh weza kwezopolitiko, imeko kunokuba ixesha namandla lamaRoma Republic. Oku kungenxa yokuba inxalenye enkulu zokuqokelelwa imihlaba edityanelweyo enyanisweni buzinze ezandleni abantu abambalwa eyayisisityebi bayathanda ngegama ndayisusayo waqeshisa evela kurhulumente. Ubuninzi amaRoma ngexesha lenkqubo baba abadinga, ukuba ulahlekelwa umthombo wengeniso elizimeleyo. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba mpofu abemi, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, wamvumela ukuba bakhonze umkhosi, kuba ngelo xesha amadoda olwalubekwe qualification propati. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo ahluthelwa umhlaba ngqo kuchaphazela ngokungalunganga iindlela waseRoma Republic. Oku, ngengozi, wayengomnye ezigqame kutheni amafama zonakalise unexhala kukaTibheriyo Gracchus.

Xa latifundia enkulu, kuya kusiba umsebenzi ezibalulekileyo amakhoboka. A abalimi zangaphambili anganayo kwanyanzeleka ukuya kuwo umzi, ukongeza kukho umaleko le underclass, kodwa andilahlekwanga lumpen amalungelo ezopolitiko zabo. Kuyinto abo kakhulu kulindeleke ukuba nokuhlaziywa komhlaba kwaza kwaxhamla.

Eli yokubuyiselwa komhlaba

umthetho wokwandisa kukaTibheriyo Gracchus Kujongwe wokwehla xi ubuninzi indawo eziqeshiweyo kwi ezandleni umnini omnye - hayi ngaphezulu kwe-500 uger, engqamana iihektare ezili-125. abanini ezinkulu, ababesesangweni nokulahlwa izabelo ezibalulekileyo abaninzi babuyele okugqithiseleyo kuwonke-wonke. Ke la mazwe ziye zasasazwa phakathi abemi abadinga yamaRoma Republic - 30 uger wonke.

UTibheriyo Gracchus umthetho namanje inikeza isiqabu ukuba isityebi. Ngoko ke, nyana nganye wazalwa ukuba akwazi ukugcina ilizwe 250 uger optional ngakumbi. Sekunjalo, le ndawo iyonke nezinto lwentsapho akufuneki ube ngaphezu kwama-1000 uger.

Tiberiy Grakh ecetywayo ukwenza ikhomishini yezolimo abantu abathathu abaya kubandakanyeka ngqo yokubuyekezwa komhlaba.

Kodwa Gracchus wayezimisele ukusebenzisa umthetho, kungekuphela nje ukomeleza kumafama amancinci kunye nokomeleza umkhosi, kodwa ukruthakruthwano buqu kunye nabanini ezinkulu.

lo mthetho

Inkqubo Ulwamkelo bill kwakuyinto inkqubo enzima.

Nangona siko ifuna phambi kokwenza nayiphi na iBhili ukuba acele inkxaso weNdlu yeeNgwevu, nto ayikhange ngokuqinileyo ngumthetho. Okukhona ukuba ngeendibano Yeengwevu uzakufun aukugqithisa izisombululo khona ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, uTibheriyo nangoko wegqitha ingxoxo ibhili kwiNdibano yesiZwe.

Kodwa bill nangoko onokuvotelwa ezinye nqwelo - Octavius, owaba nomdla rhafu ekulondolozeni ngendlela endala. Ngenxa yezizathu zobuqu akazange akuthande oko, yintoni mthetho ecetywayo Tiberiy Grakh. Ukusingatha wenguquko kwi yeeNgwevu akazange alutshintshe ukuxinga.

Ke uTibheriyo octavia laqalisa ukususwa e-ofisini umntu eza ukwenzakalisa abantu. Nabathetheli akhethwe endaweni octavia, inkxaso utshintsho.

Emva kokuba imvume indibano yesizwe oyilwayo komhlaba kwezolimo, wafumana amandla komthetho.

Ukusebenza lo mthetho

Kamsinya nje iKomishini iye ekhethiweyo, nto leyo ukuphumeza indlela yokuvuselelwa komhlaba. Kuyo, ngaphandle uTibheriyo, baba bakhe Guy umzalwana-in-mthetho kunye Apiyo Klavdiy Pulhr.

Rich yeeNgwevu wazama yonke indlela yokulwa umsebenzi yale komishoni. Kodwa ke phezu kwalo, yena waqhubeka ukwenza imisebenzi yayo engundoqo. Enye impumelelo enkulu kumsebenzi khomishini kukuba eli candelo ubutyebi ukumkani lasePergamo Attalus, ngubani ezabiwa bonke ubutyebi bakhe nobukumkani yamaRoma Republic.

Ukubulawa kaTibheriyo Gracchus

Ngelo xesha, abachasi yokuvuselelwa uTibheriyo Gracchus wazama ukulungiselela unyulo omnye umgqatswa ngenxa isithuba waka, xa ixesha lokuba sesikhundleni wenguquko yafikelela esiphelweni. Banyula ixesha xa abalimi abaninzi wayama ngayo isihlwele, Sizibandakanye emsebenzini kwezolimo kwaye akwazi ukuya eRoma.

Ngexesha Assembly yaBantu ehlotyeni ka-133 BC. e. Ndanibetha phezulu nengxabano, ngexesha apho abaxhasi ezininzi wenguquko babulawa. Abafa yena umi. Kodwa ukufa kukaTibheriyo Gracchus ayikwazanga ukunqanda le nkqubo ukuba sungula.

Bayahlelwa yotshintsho

Emva kokufa kukaTibheriyo Gracchus, nangona abalandeli bakhe wagalela ingcinezelo, zange irhoxisiwe umthetho kulimo yaye waqhubeka ukusebenza.

Endaweni yoko baxhela ilungu Commission nesinye isihlobo of Gracchus - Gaya Krass e-mthetho.

Kodwa inkcaso yabadlali noxa kakhulu eziphakamileyo, yaye ngo-129 BC. e. Commission kwafuneka gxotha imisebenzi yayo, nangona ngelo xesha sele wenze okuninzi. Kodwa lo mthetho, enyanisweni, baqhubeka ukusebenza, kodwa ngoku ukuphunyezwa kwalo kuye kwaba zibandakanyiwe amagunya unozakuzaku.

Ngo-123 BC. e. Gay Grakh wazama ukuqhubeka umzalwana nokuqala lwentando yesininzi. Ebalungisele inani imithetho ethe yamkelwa kwi izilangazelelo plebs zesiqhelo. Ezi ziquka Corn Laws, izithuthi, egwebayo, emkhosini. Le yokugqibela yezi yaba sisandulela kwezi nguqulelo odumileyo emkhosini Gaya nguMariya. Ukongeza, uGayo Gracchus waphumelela imimiselo ngokurhoxiswa amafama kweli thanga phantsi igama Juno e North Afrika kumabhodlo Carthage. Umnyhadala ukukhuthaza ukuxhotyiswa abameli balo ilizwe anganayo plebs.

Kodwa ngo-121 BC. e. Guy wabulawa, ezifana umzalwana wakhe, abachasi. Kanye kokufa kukaTibheriyo, oku ayikwazanga kumiswe utshintsho lolawulo lwentando ezimzelayo kuluntu yamaRoma. Kwixesha elizayo, bathi kuye kwaphumela kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Le apotheosis kweMfazwe Civil yaba ukruthakruthwano phakathi Gaya uMariya kunye Sulla, UPompey kunye Yuliya Tsezarya, uMark Antony kunye Octavian Augustus.

Ixabiso le ngamnye

Tiberiy Grakh uya kuhlala ngonaphakade omnye amanani ezininzi lenkundla kwimbali eRoma yamandulo. Wayengomnye wokuqala ukwazisa umthetho, kuqala kwiinto zonke, athe kumdla kwawona maqela asemngciphekweni yabemi. Nangona ayide icace ngokupheleleyo kubo bonke iintshukumisa ihambo yakhe, njengokuba abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa esinye sezizathu imisebenzi yezopolitiko ephikisana yayo nangxola kunye nabanini mhlaba ezinkulu, kodwa nangona kunjalo nempembelelo entle ngokwentando yesininzi kuluntu yamaRoma na imibuzo.

Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba Tiberiy Grakh waseka ulwalathiso lezopolitiko elizayo waba ube lilizwe elilawulwa ngentando yombutho populists.

Yaba ekuqaleni longquzulwano kunye Gracchi nabanini ezinkulu ngamanye amaxesha evakalayo njengoko kuvulwa kwixesha imfazwe yamakhaya yamaRoma Republic.

Akwenzeki ukuba zazi iingenelo wabakhupha abantu ezilula baseRoma Gracchus. UTibheriyo noGayo ngonaphakade kwimbali zehlabathi, ngenxa izenzo zakhe.