I-phindo iintsholongwane kwiseli

Iintsholongwane Tiny lwezifo ezosulelayo kuthiwa iintsholongwane. Zizinto izinambuzane intracellular.

ukwanda iintsholongwane

Zonke edume kakhulu ehlabathini zibangelwa usulelo nezi gazi. Ukuba uyakwazi kuchaphazela zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuquka lenyama. Phantse 80% yazo zonke izifo ezosulelayo ezichaphazela umntu, oko ezibangelwa ngamagciwane. Kukho amaqela angaphezulu kwe-10 ezinkulu ukuba yayintsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu eziphilayo na.

Kodwa virus ayikwazi yingozi kakhulu inkosi yakhe. Kungenjalo, oko kunokukhokelela yokuduka ngokupheleleyo abanikelayo ephilayo yaye, ke ngoko, aya kutshatyalaliswa, kwaye arhente causative sifo. Kodwa iintsholongwane buthathaka kakhulu kwaye ngeke. Ukuba amajoni omzimba kakhulu iza kuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza kwi host ephilayo, baya kuphela nje iintlobo. Kudla ngokuthi ezi amagciwane umkhosi eyodwa apho esibafaneleyo, bangabi sidlulisela iingxaki ezintsha, kunye neziphumo yayintsholongwane eyosulela ngexesha elifanayo nalo kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.

Bona phinda ngo yokuzala. Oku kuthetha ukuba ekuqaleni wadlala zabo nucleic kunye neeproteni. Kwaye ngoko wadala ezivela kumacandelo bephethe neentsholongwane.

Forms kunye neendlela virions usulelo

Ngaphambi kokuba siqonde indlela ntsholongwane phindana kwenzeka esiseleni, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqonda indlela la masuntswana ukuze bawe. Umzekelo, kukho nezifo ukuba athiwe saa kuphela yabantu. Ezi ziquka, imasisi, i-herpes, kunye neAvian ngokuyinxenye. ukuba badlulisele kumfowunelwa nokuba zamathontsana emoyeni.

Enteroviruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses akanakungena emzimbeni ukutya. Abosulelekileyo, umz, HPV banokuba ukudibana ngqo nomntu (zombini zasekhaya kunye sex). Kodwa kukho ezinye iindlela osulelo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintlobo rhabdovirus ezinokungena ngokuthi isilwanyana esinayo silume umntu igazi-owanyayo izinambuzane.

Udibana nendlela parenteral zosulelo. Umzekelo, i-hepatitis B abanentsholongwane ukungena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zotyando, iinkqubo wamazinyo, ukutofelwa igazi, pedicure okanye manicure.

Musa ukulibala malunga olusuka kumama zezizifo. Kulo mzekelo, ukugula kamama ngethuba lokukhulelwa olungekazalwa linayo.

inkcazelo virus

Kangangexesha elide malunga agents causative i kwezifo ezininzi kugwetywa kuphela ngokusekelwe neziphumo yayintsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu emzimbeni. Jonga ezi izazinzulu kwamagciwane wajika kuphela xa neemicroscope electron kokusungulwa. Emva koko wafumana indlela phindo iintsholongwane.

Ezi eziphilayo ezingalinganiyo ngobukhulu. Ezinye zazo ziyafana lobukhulu igciwane encinane. Closer incinane ubukhulu ukuya iimolekyuli protein. Kuba imilinganiselo yabo usebenzisa ixabiso enemiqathango - nanometer, leyo ilingana enye ezizigidi le ndlela. Ukuze ibe 20 ukuya neenanometer amakhulu eziliqela. Ngembonakalo, ukuba ezifanayo izinti, iibhola, iityhubhu, imisonto, ezimacala maninzi.

Cya bokwakha

Ukuze siqonde indlela phindo iintsholongwane kwenzeka xa iiseli, kuyimfuneko ukuba baqonde ukwakhiwa kwawo. Simple amagciwane luqulathe nucleic kunye neeproteni. Apho icandelo lokuqala ke yenethiwekhi kolwazi yemfuza. Baya luqulathe igama elinye kuphela uhlobo nucleic acid - olunokuba DNA okanye RNA. Lo mahluko kwaye zisekelwe ukuhlelwa kwazo.

Ukuba omkhuhlane amacandelo intracellular yenkqubo zokuphila, zona, ukuba nukleproteinami ekuthiwa virions egalelwe. okanye icandelo labo sesevisi ziiproteni. Kodwa eyahlukileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iintsholongwane. Ngenxa yoko abakwazi ukubona ngoncedo neempendulo ezithile omzimba.

Oososayensi bafumene nje iintsholongwane elula, kodwa kwakhona isakhiwo ngxuba kumzimba. ukwakhiwa kwawo kwakhona ziquka lipids, carbohydrate. Iqela ngalinye iintsholongwane ibe sisincoko eyodwa amafutha, iiprotheni, iikhabhohayidrethi, ii-asidi acid. Abanye babo bade enzymes.

Ukuqala inkqubo yokuzala

Virus zithathwa ukungcola ngokupheleleyo. Abakwazi ukuphila ukuba abathanga yingozi. isenzo sabo yezifo isekelwe kwinto yokuba, xa ezizalayo, zibulala iiseli, apho zifumaneka.

Siyaqonda ukuba le nkqubo kuba, xa siqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha indlela silwanyana engena yeseli, nokuba oko kwenzeka emva koku. Virions nga bacinge njenge isuntswana equlathe DNA (okanye RNA) livalelwe esingxotyeni salo protein. Virus ukuzala iqala kuphela emva kokuba silwanyana encamathele eludongeni yeseli, zayo inwebu plasma. Kufuneka iqondwe into virion ngalinye kufuneka iqhotyoshelwe kuphela kwiindidi ezithile iiseli, nto leyo kufuneka nezamkeli ezithile. Xa yokuhlala omnye ukubonelela amakhulu kwamasuntswana ntsholongwane.

Emva koko, le nkqubo iqala viropeksisa. Iseli ngokwayo asitsala virions ngaphakathi kunyango. Kuphela ke iqala "zabo" le ntsholongwane. Ngenxa iseli yahlanganisa transcriptase entsonkothileyo enyibilikayo Iprothini ingubo intsholongwane kwaye bakhululwa nucleic acid. It is on imiphantsi iseli kwenzeka core yayo okanye lihlale kukho icytoplasm. Acid unoxanduva hayi kuphela phindo iintsholongwane, kodwa ngenxa iimpawu zazo njengelifa. nethe Own eziseleni na abathintela, yonke imikhosi wathumela ukwenza amacandelo intsholongwane entsha.

inkqubo ukubunjwa

A nucleic asidi intsholongwane ihlanganise kwi-DNA yeseli. Ngaphakathi niqalise ukudala iikopi ezininzi DNA egazini (RNA), oko kwenziwa ngoncedo polymerases. Ezinye amasuntswana elalisandul 'ukusekwa ukubophelela ribosomes ibid sidlula Yindibanisela iiproteni ezintsha wentsholongwane egazini.

Xa sele elaye inani elaneleyo amacandelo wentsholongwane egazini, uya kuqala inkqubo nokwakheka. Igqitha kufutshane ezindongeni. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba amacandelo virions amatsha ziyaqokelelwa. Kwaye eyipasile phindo iintsholongwane.

Njengenxalenye yale virions elalisandul 'ukusekwa uyakwazi ukubona amasuntswana ze iiseli ababehleli kuyo. Ngokufuthi inkqubo nokudaleka iphela yokuba Ugutyungelwe yi nwebu yeseli ndizayo.

Ukugqitywa yokuzalela

Kamsinya nje inkqubo ukubunjwa, iintsholongwane ushiye umnini yabo yokuqala. Senziwe amagqabi inzala kwaye iqala ukosulela iiseli ezintsha. virus phindo kwenzeka ngqo kwi iiseli. Kodwa ekugqibeleni zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye yonakele.

Bathelela iiseli ezintsha, iintsholongwane aqalile nande kuzo. Umjikelo ukuzala iyaphindwa. Le ndlela iza kwenziwa yinkqubo wokungena virions, kuxhomekeke iqela virus bathi kuwo. Umzekelo, enteroviruses luphawulwa yokuba zikhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kokusingqongileyo. Kodwa agents herpes, reoviruses, orthomyxoviruses yiya njengoko komzimba. Ngaphambi kokuba ufe, ukuze bahambe ngalo imijikelo eziliqela yokuzalana enjalo. Kulo mzekelo, i iiseli mpilo oovimba.

ukubonwa kwezifo

Andise of kwiintsholongwane kwezinye iimeko kunye yinto yokuba zibe kwamagciwane asinakukwazi ukulandisa iiseli ngaphakathi ezisebenzisanayo njengekristale-bokwakha. Iingcali kubabiza ngokuba imizimba ukubandakanywa.

Ngokomzekelo, xa influenza, ingqakaqa okanye ukrokrele loo ezisebenzisanayo zifumaneka kule kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Ekudubuleni-ihlobo kobuchopho zazo zifumaneka kwi-nucleus kunye nezinye izifo, ukuze babe apha kwaye apho. Olu phawu lusetyenziswa ukubhula izifo. Kubalulekile kule meko kwaye uyaphi inkqubo phindana egazini apho.

Umzekelo, ukuba okweqanda okanye izakhiwo Isetyhula kwiiseli ze epithelium, uthetha ingqakaqa. Tsitoplazmoticheskie sokuzuza iiseli zengqondo zibonisa ngumsindo.

indlela virus andise yinto ethile. Ekuqaleni, virions ukungena ngaphakathi kwabo iiseli ezifanelekileyo. Ke iqala inkqubo yokukhulula asidi acid, kunye nokudala "blank" ngenxa iindawo elizayo ezincinane izifo. inkqubo yokuzala lugqitywe ukuze virions ezintsha igqityiwe ukuba baye kokusingqongileyo. Yanele ukuba ndimaphule umjikelezo omnye ngezigaba, ukuya phindo iintsholongwane wamiswa okanye aqalisa ukuvelisa inzala sinesiphene.