I-Rocket X-90 "Koala": iinkcukacha zobugcisa

I-missile ye-Hypericle X-90 yinto entsha entsha yaseRussia ngokuphendula kwinkqubo yokukhusela i-missile ye-missile. Ukubonakala kunye neenkcukacha zobuchwepheshe be-missile zaziyimfihlo yezempi ngokuqondakalayo . Ngokweminye imithombo, loo mibhozo kwakufuneka yamkelwe ngo-2010.

Umongameli waseRussia wathi i-Khala Kh-90 i-miserson "missile" iyakwazi ukunqoba nayiphi na inkqubo eyaziwayo yokukhusela i-missile kwaye ichane ngokuchanekileyo iithagethi zombini kwilizwekazi kunye nakwamanye amazwekazi.

Imbali yokubonakala kwe-rocket

Iprojekthi ye-missile yomhlaba yenziwe kwiSoviet Union kwiminyaka engama-60. Ingcamango yayikukususa umkhosi we-warhead ukusuka emoyeni ukuya kutsho kumhlaba ojikelezayo, ukuze ube yi-satellites yokufakelwa, emva kokuguqula imoto ye-braking ijoliswe kwiinjongo ezibekelwe ukutshatyalaliswa.

Ngomnyaka we-1971, ukuba neprojekthi elungiselelwe iinqwelo ezinqabileyo zokuhamba ngeendlela, abavelisi baseSoviet banqabisa urhulumente ukuba aphumeze le projekthi. Ngaloo nyaka, akukho mpendulo. Kodwa ngokuqala kokuphuhliswa kweembambano zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ngo-1975 yi-United States, abaqulunqiweyo, abakhohliweyo ukususela ngo-1971, balelwa ukuba baqale le projekthi ngo-1976 baze bawugqibe ngo-1982. Ekupheleni kuka-1983, bekucetywayo ukuthatha "imishini esanda kutsalwa" ekusebenzeni. Iimfuno ze-rocket zazingaphezulu. Kwaye enye yezinto eziphambili kwakukufikelela kwisantya esiphezulu. Kwiminyaka emashumi asibhozo, isantya sele sesineMakhov emine.

Kwi-MAKS-1997 i-airshow kwiphakamiso le-NGO "Raduga" (le ntlangano ibandakanyeke ekuphuhlisweni kweentsile) iindwendwe zazikwazi ukubona i-aircraft ye-hypersonic i-GLA, eyayiza kuba yinto ebonakalayo ye-missile entsha.

Kulabo bafuna ukuqonda ukuba i-rocket ye-X-90 ibonakala njani, isithombe sinikwe ngasentla.

Iinkcukacha ze-rocket

I-GLA kufuneka ithwale iinqununu ezimbini zokulwa ezikwazi ukushaya iithagethi ngokuzimeleyo kumgama ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezilikhulu. Ekuqaleni ubude be-rocket belingalingana neemitha ezili-12. Nangona kunjalo, kamva kwanciphisa ubude obunesibhozo ukuya kwisithoba. Emva kokuhlula kwi-aircraft ye-carrier, i-rocket ivula amaphiko anonxantathu nge-span engekho ngaphezu kweemitha ezi-7, kunye nomsila ongezantsi. Emva koko, i-accelerator ye-fuel-type ivuliwe, ukwenzela ukuba i-rocket ifinyelele kwisantya esiphezulu. Emva koko injini ye-injini, eyenza ijubane ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-Machs, iqala ukusebenza. Uluhlu lwesenzo saloo rocket lufikelela kumawaka amathathu anamakhulu amahlanu ikhilomitha.

Isithuthi sokuqalisa

I-TU-160 ibomber yi-superersonic, isicwangciso se-missile carrier kunye nephiko eliguquguqukayo. Yaphuhliswa kwii-80 ze-Tupolev Design Bureau kwaye isenkonzweni ukususela ngo-1987.

Ekuqaleni, ingalo yayiza kubeka iimoto ezilikhulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuphikelela kwabemi baseMerika, ababethelela ukuba iibhobho zibandakanye kwi-SRV yomnqophiso, kwakufuneka ziyeke uomatshini angamashumi amathathu nantathu.

Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, iibhomu zahlula phakathi kweeriphabliki.

Ngo-2013, kwakukho iinqwelo ezilishumi elinesibhozo kwii-Armed Forces zaseRashiya. Zonke zazo zisekelwe kwi-Volga kwi-Engels.

"I-White Swan"

Le yinqwelo ephezulu yokulwa ne-superersonic kunye neyona nto inzima kakhulu emhlabeni, inomlinganiselo omkhulu wokukhupha phakathi kweebhomu. Abaqhubi bebhanoyi phakathi kwabo bethandana ngokuthi yi "swan swan" ngenxa yefomu elimnandi nelincinci.

Kodwa unamanye amagama: "ikrele elinamacandelo alishumi elinesibhozo", "into yokunqanda", "izixhobo zesizwe", "ummangaliso waseRashiya ondizayo". Kwaye e-NATO wayebizwa ngegama elithile ngesizathu sokuthi i-Blackjack.

I-TU-160M i-TU-160 yesimanje, apho izixhobo ezintsha ze-redio-elektroniki kunye neengalo ze-X-90 ziye zafakwa. Iyakwazi ukuthwala izixhobo eziqhelekileyo, umzekelo, 90 OFAB-500U, kodwa isebenza njengomqhubi we-missile X-90.

Imoto nganye inegama layo, umzekelo: "Ilya Muromets", "uAlexandro oselula", "uMikhail Gromov" nabanye.

I-Rocket fuel kunye neenjini ukufezekisa i-hypersound

I-Hypersonic isantya esingaphaya kwe-5 isivinini sokukhanya okanye ama-Machs amahlanu. Ngethuba elincinci kakhulu isantya esinokufikelela kwiimfono ezininzi ngeenjini zabo eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuhamba ngeenqanawa eziphakamileyo ixesha elide kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba umkhosi uxhotyiswe nge-injection-flow-jet injini. Kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-scramjet.

Into ebalulekileyo kunye nenzuzo yenjini enjalo kukuba akudingeki ukuba ithwale i-oxidizer nayo. Le injini isebenzisa oksijini yomoya. I-fuel yeHLDPV ingakumbi i-hydrogen okanye i-parafini.

Ukuphuhlisa injini enjalo yaqala kwiminyaka engama-50 ekhulwini lokugqibela. Kwaye iiprojekthi zokuqala zeenqwelo zezixhobo ezinjalo zibonakala zivele kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60. Abaqulunqi bavelise inkqubo yendawo - i-"Spiral" evuselelekayo, eyayiquka i-aircraft yokukhawuleza i-hypersonic kunye neenqwelo zezempi ezihamba phambili kunye ne-rocket accelerator. I-airpersonic accelerating aircraft kufuneka ikhawuleze kwiMakhov emithathu kwi-hydrogen fuel kunye ne-ezine nengxenye kwi-kerosene. Kodwa ekugqibeleni kwagqitywa ukuba kuxhotyiswe izixhobo ngeenjini ze-turbojet.

Abaqhankqalazi be-Hypersonic baqala ukuphuhlisa kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe, bebasebenzisa kwiinqwelo zokulwa nezindiza.

I-NASP kunye ne-TU-2000

Ngomnyaka we-1986, ukuphendula kwiprogram yaseMelika yase-Appolo, iphrojekthi ye-NASP e-USSR yanquma ukwenza i-NASP yasekhaya, i-VCS enye. Iprojekthi ye-bomb ye-TU-2000 ivunyiwe kunye nesilinganiselo sokusungulwa kwamathani angamakhulu amathathu anamashumi mathandathu, isantya seMaks ezintandathu, ububanzi bendiza yeekhilomitha eziliwaka ezilishumi kwiikhilomitha ezingama-30.

Umsebenzi wenziwa, kodwa ngokuphathelele ukuwa kweSoviet Union, baqala ukuba nesimo esinobunzima. Abafundi beprojekthi beza kumazwe ngamazwe kwaye baqala ukusebenzisana nabaphuhlisi baseFransi. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi odibeneyo, njengoko kuboniswe ngophando olungaphumeleli, aluphumelelanga.

Ngexesha elifanayo, iphrojekthi ye-NASP nayo ayiphumelelanga kakhulu kwaye ivalwe kwiminyaka engama-90.

Nangona kunjalo, eqinisweni, iRashiya okanye i-US ayayi kuphelisa ngokupheleleyo i-hypersound.

"Ukhuseleko-2004"

Ngo-2004, uqeqesho lwango-2004 lwaluqhutywa. Bombers TU-160 kunye nesigqeba phantsi kwegama le-rocket X-90 "Koala" ithatha inxaxheba kubo.

Ngaloo nyaka, uMongameli waseRashiya V.V. U-Putin uthe amaQumrhu oMkhosi aseRashiya aya kufumana ulwalamano olunjalo oluza kukwazi ukuchaneka ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuqhubela phambili xa uhambela phambili ekusebenzeni kwimimandla ngaphezu kwelizwe elinye.

Iingcali ziphakamisa ukuba uMongameli entetho yakhe wayenengqondo ngokuqinisekileyo le rocket.

I-missile ibizwa ngokuba yi-X-90

I-Russia inqume ukubonisa amandla ayo eMelika. Oku kwakuyimpendulo kwinkqubo yokukhusela i-missile ye-missile kunye nomkhosi we-Kh-90 (obizwa ngokuba yi "Koala").

Iqaliswe ngamabhomu angama-TU-160M-ikratshi kunye namandla empi aseRashiya namhlanje.

Emva kokuhlukaniswa kulo mqhubi we-missile, i-rocket ye-X-90 kwindawo ephakamileyo yamawaka asixhenxe ukuya kumawaka amabini anamitha ibonisa amaphiko ayo anantantathu kunye nomsila. Ukukhawuleza kwijubane le-superersonic kwenzeka nge-acceleration fuel fuel, eyenziwa ngoku ngeli xesha. Emva koko kufika ixesha le-injini yokuhamba, ngokubonga apho umkhosi we-cruise X-90 ufikelela kwijubane leMachos ezintlanu. Uluhlu lwe-missile lungamawaka amathathu nesigamu sekhilomitha.

Iimvavanyo zolawulo lwe-X-90

Ubunkokheli belizwe lethu lithemba ukuba akukho mhlaba ngumnini weempazamo ze-hypersonic ngaphandle kweRashiya. EUnited States babesenqwenela ukuyihlakulela, bazincitshiswa kwiimfono eziphantsi. Kodwa eRashiya, umsebenzi onjalo waqhubeka, nangona kukho ikhefu lexeshana. Ngomnyaka we-2001, kuye kwabikwa ukuqaliswa komkhosi weTopol. Iingcali zithi i-warhead yayo ibonakaliswe ngumsebenzi ongaqhelekanga. Ngethuba lohambo lokukhunjulwa ngo-2004, kwaqaliswa izibhamu ezimbini ze-ballistic: i-Topol-M ne-RS-18. Emva koko bathetha ukuba kwiprogram ye-missile ikhutshwe i-apparatus yokuhlola, leyo, emva kokusungula, yaya kwindawo, iphinda iphinde ibuyele emoyeni. Kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka, kuba xa ukungena emoyeni isantya se-missile yayingamawaka amahlanu eekhilomitha ngesibini, okanye malunga neekhilomitha ezilishumi elinesibhozo iikhilomitha ngeyure, kwaye intloko yokulwa kufuneka ibe nekhuselo ekhethekileyo ekuchaseni nokugqithisa. Esi sixhobo sinesivinini esinjalo, ngaphandle kwalokhu, sinokutshintsha ngokulula ulawulo lwendiza kwaye singatshatyalaliswa. Iingcali zivumile ukuba yi-X-90-i-missile ye-cruise strategy, ukubonakala kwayo eyimfihlakalo.

Ukungafani kweso sixhobo kwakukuba kwi-PC-18 kwakukho isixhobo esatshintshile ubude kunye nesikhokelo sendiza. Ngaloo ndlela, naluphi na ukukhusela okusemthethweni, kuquka noMerika, unokuwunqoba.

Amaqhinga aMandla aSebenzi

Igunya eliCwangcisiweyo leMassive yaseRashiya liquka imikhosi emithathu yeembambano kunye namacandelo ayishumi elinesibhozo. Imikhosi engamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi amathathu anesihlanu e-ballistic kunye ne-3159 yeemfazwe zenyukliya ziphakathi kwezixhobo zazo, kuquka i-Voevoda-based based-based, i-Molodets eneempi-360, i-Topoli ehamba phambili, i-Topoli-M kunye nabanye.

Ngokweengcali, nangona inxalenye encinci ifakwe iinqwelo zokuhamba, imikhosi ye-missile iya kuba yinto engapheliyo kwaye ingenakukwazi ukuyikhusela. Ngaphezu koko, ngokweengcali zaseRashiya, kukho ezinye iiprogram, ezinjenge "Cold" kunye ne "Needle", ngaphezu kokuphuhlisa umkhosi wempuphu.

Ukuhlaselwa akunakuncedo kwaye kuyingozi

Ngenxa yeempawu zabo, i-X-90 "iKoala" i-rocket kunye nezinye izinto ezenziwa yimikhosi zamanje zenza umkhosi waseMelika ungakhuseli. Ngako oko, iUnited States yaqalisa ukuhambisa iinkqubo ze-radar kufuphi nomda weRashiya ukufumanisa kunye nokutshabalalisa izixhobo ezinjalo ngokukhawuleza xa kuqalwa ukuqaliswa kwaye i-warhead yayingekho ixesha lokuhlukana.

Kodwa kule ndlela iRussia nayo inamanani amaninzi, ayaziwa kwaye ayimfihlo. Ukuba umkhonto weKh-90 "iKoala" uhlukanisa i-warhead head, iyaba yinto engenakukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukungabikho nkunkuma kungenzeka?

KwiSoviet Union, xa ulwahlulo lweengalo phakathi kwala mabini aphezulu lwaluqhutywe ngokuzenzekelayo, iinzame zenziwe ukuba zenze enye indlela. Izivumelwano zasayinwe, zivunywe, kodwa uhlanga lwengalo lwaqhubeka kwaye lwaqhubeka, kwaye ngexesha lokunyuka kobudlelwane phakathi kwe-USSR kunye neUnited States ihlabathi lonke liqhwabile kwaye lithandazela ukukhutshwa kwazo.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo, uMandla waba namandla e-USSR. Gorbachev, ngubani owamisa oku, mhlawumbi, uhlanga lweengalo ezingenangqiqo. Ngokudabukisayo, kwindleko yokupheliswa kwalo kwaba ukutshabalalisa kwelizwe, ekhanda lakhe. Ngokutsho kwezivumelwano ezitywinwe nguye, inani elikhulu lezixhobo zapheliswa kwi-USSR. I-United States nayo yayinembopheleleko yokuhlawulela izixhobo zayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-USSR yayilahlekelwa yimoya yayo yamandla kwaye yakhawuleza yahlukana, kwaye iUnited States yaba yinto ephezulu yehlabathi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumkhosi wayo wempi.

Ukuphuhlisa i-Soviet yezixhobo, kubandakanywa iinqwelo zokuhamba, ukuphelisa, ukudala izinto ezintsha zachithwa, kwaye ukuveliswa kwancitshiswa okanye kwaye kwaphela ngokupheleleyo.

Nangona kunjalo, konke ukungabikho komthetho ukuba iUnited States kunye nabadibaniselwano bayo ehlabathini beyilungisa, sele sele ilahlekelwe yiSoviet Union, ikholelwa ekubeni ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwemibutho kuya kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo, ngoko kuya kufuneka kube ngokoqobo kunye nokwaneleyo.

Nangona uluntu lungazange lusethe kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwalo, kwaye urhulumente unobungozi bangaphandle, kufuneka ukuba ulungele ukuhlawula nayiphi na indlela yokuhlaselwa.