I-fastest clipper

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ukuhanjiswa kweempahla ezixabisekileyo eNgilani kwenzelwa ngoncedo lwamanqanawa amakhulu. Ukuthuthwa kweempahla zonyaka ekhaya, abasebenzi beenqanawa badibana ngokukhawuleza. Kwimbali, ukuncintisana okunjalo kungenwe kwimidlalo yeeti. Iinqanawa zeenqanawa zazama ukufika kuqala kwindawo eya kuyo. Kwimininzi, ibinzana elithi "tea clipper" lidibene nenqanawa yokuzila.

Kutheni iinqanawa ezithethwa ngegama?

Ngekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, abathengisi bafumana inzuzo enkulu kwi-tea trade, eyayithunyelwa esuka eChina eya eNgilandi. Ipropati yalo mveliso ukunciphisa kunye nokufumanisa zonke iinkohlakalo zabathengisi abaphoqelekileyo ukuba bayeke ukusetyenziswa kweenqanawa zakudala, ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezingapheli malunga nonyaka. Ukuthutha ixesha elide kungathintela kakubi umgangatho wemveliso. Ekubeni bekuyiyayi yeyona nto eyona nto yayivame kakhulu ukuba abasebenzi beenqanawa bazame ukuhambisa ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, iinqanawa ezithweleyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-tea clippers. Iinqwelo ezikhawulezayo zazixhotyiswe ngeendlela zokuqala. Ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwisiNgesi, i-clipper yinqanawa enezandla zokuhamba ezihamba phambili. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, idatha yeso nqanawa yaqala ukuxhotyiswa ngeenjini zomoya, kodwa emva kwabo igama elithi "clipper tea" lucwangcisiwe.

Imbali

Ekuqaleni, ii-clippers (iinqanawa ezihamba ngokukhawuleza) zakhiwe eBaltimore. Indawo ababeya kuyo yayikuthuthwa kwamakhoboka kunye nokuthungwa. Ngokungafani nabaphambili, iinqanawa zazixhotyiswe ngeeyile, ezithe xa kuthelekiswa neenqanawa eziqhelekileyo zokuhamba ngomkhombe, zikhulu kakhulu. Ukongezelela, i-hull yesitrato esitsha ibonakaliswe ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokuzinza. Ixabiso elincinci lokubamba kunye nesantya sokwandiswa yimpawu ezahlukileyo ezikhoyo.

Iinqanawa ezikhawulezayo zazibiza kakhulu. Ukwakha umkhumbi-moya onjalo okanye kwi-charter, kufuneka utyalo-mali oluninzi. Kodwa ngenxa yesantya esiphezulu apho nganye i-clipper ikhona (iifoto zeenqanawa zinikezelwe kwinqaku), yonke imali etyalomali yahlawulwa ngokupheleleyo kwi-flight one.

Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthandwa kakhulu ngaloo mihla. Abanikazi bokuthutha babedla amaninzi kakhulu. Abasebenzi bekhephe ezafika kuqala bafumana amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu kwemali abaye bafika yesibini okanye yesithathu. Ngaloo ndlela, imbuyekezo yempahla yayiyinceliso enhle kwiqela ngalinye. Abarhwebi bafumana iimpahla kunye neqholi layo langaphambili.

Ukuhamba ngeenqanawa zaseBaltimore

Iinqanawa zaseBaltimore ezibizwa ngokuba yi-schooners yokuqala kunye neentlanzi, ngokusekelwe kuyo i-flash clippers. Iinqanawa ezihamba ngokukhawuleza zaqalisa ukwakha eMelika. Abathuthukisi baxhobile iinqanawa ngeendlela ezinkulu, ezijoliswe kumasti amakhulu. Isalathisi sokuhamba ngomkhumbi senziwa ngamanqaku ahlukeneyo kunye namanzi, okwenza kube lula ukulawula iinqanawa, kwakunye ne-liselles, eyandisa kakhulu umkhumbi wabo.

Igolide elidlulileyo le-tea clippers

Iinqwelo zokuhamba ngeeFleet zaqala ukwakha ngo-1820. Kwaphela iminyaka emininzi baguqukela ngamandla. Ixesha legolide le-tap clippers lawa nge-1850-1860. Ngeli xesha, ezininzi iinqwelo ezihamba ngeenqanawa eziphezulu zenziwa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, ixesha elidumileyo laphelile. Batshintshwa iinqanawa ezixhotywe ngeenjini zomoya.

Ukukhawuleza

Iinqwelo zeeyile (iinqanawa ezikhawulezayo) zadalwa ngokulinganisa ubude obude ububanzi: 6 ukuya ku-1, ngelixa iinqwelo eziqhelekileyo zithathwa njengezi-3 (4) ukuya ku-1. Ngenxa yobu bungqina bolu hlobo, iinqwelo zeemikhumbi zanikezelwa ngokukhawuleza, zibavumela ukuba zidibanise kalula Wave. Ngenxa yoko, izilwanyana eziselwandle ezilishumi elinesihlanu yijubane eliphambili elikuthi i-tea clippers inayo - iinqanawa ezihamba ngokukhawuleza. Ezinye zazo zaziseziqhamo eziphantse ezilishumi elinesibhozo (elinye iqhina liyi-kilometer enye yeeyure ngeyure, oko kukuthi i-1852 metres).

Ngubani osebenzise iilwandle?

Ukuba nesantya esiphezulu, i-clipper yeeti yayisetyenziselwa i-seamen-ezizimeleyo, i-filibusters, abashushu, abathengisi, abathwali bamakhoboka kunye namagada. Abanye basebenzisa iinqanawa eziphakamileyo ezikhuselekileyo ukuze babalekele ekuxosheni abanye, ngenjongo yokufuna. Emva kwexesha, i-tea clipper yayo yayiseburhulumenteni bonke.

I-Thermopylae

Abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ngexesha lokuhamba ngomkhumbi, le nto yayiyinqanawa ehamba phambili kwaye ihamba phambili. I-clipper yeeti yenziwe i-White Star Line. Le projekthi yasungulwa nguNjiniyela waseLondon uBernard Weymouth.

Le nkampani ekhethekileyo kwiindlela zokuhamba. Abasebenzi beenkampani baye badala i-"Titanic" eqhelekileyo. Isimboli yenkampani yinkwenkwezi emhlophe kwimvelaphi ebomvu. Esi simboli sasikwe kwi-pennant Thermopylae, eyasungulwa ngo-1868 kufuphi nomzi wase-Aberdeen (eScotland). Igama lakhe linikwe kwi-clipper ngokuhlonipha umgudu we-Themopylae, apho ngo-480 BC imfazwe yamanzi yamaGrike namaPersi ayenzeka.

Bonke abo babekhona kwinqanaba le-tea clipper ukuya emanzini baxhonyiswa kakhulu ngomkhumbi omtsha: umzimba wayo wawunamanani afanelekileyo, amabhodi ombala omnyama omnyama kunye namahle amhlophe amhlophe.

Ngombulelo obunokubaluleka kwamanzi, le nkqubela iminyaka emibili yakwazi ukuphula i rekhodi, eyayisungulwe ngaphambili ngumkhumbi waseMerika "uJames Baines": zingadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-63 wadlula ukusuka eLondon ukuya eMelbourne. Kuba iinqanawa ezi ziphumo zihleli kulolu suku olufanelekileyo.

Iimpawu zesitrato

Ngokweememori zengxelo yesiNgesi yaseBasil Labocq, "iThermopylam" yayinamandla okumangalisa imimoya encinci. Ngenxa yoko, unokuhamba ngokukhawuleza uhambe kunye nekhandlela elikhanyayo, kwaye umkhombe waqhubeka nokuhamba kwawo ngesivinini seenqatha ezisixhenxe.

• I-clipper ye-tea yayinexesha elide malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-65.
• Ububanzi bayo babuyiimitha ezili-11.
• Le nqanawa yayinemitha yesithandathu kunye nesiqingatha.
• Amandla: 948 reg.t.
• I-coefficient ye-Deck: 0.58.
• Isikhundla sokubamba i-toni ezili-11.

Ziziphi iintlanga ezenza inqanawa?

Ngowe-1872 i-clipper yeeti "i-Cutty Sark" yaba ngumqhubi weThermopylae. Indlela yokhuphiswano: Shanghai - London. Uloyiso kule mihlanga lwawulwa yiThermopylae. Ukuqhekeka kwevili lokuhamba kwiCityty Sark ulibazise le nkcazo kwiveki enye. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, iinqanawa ezimbini zadibana kwakhona xa zihamba e-Australia. Kule mihlanga, "u-Cutty Sark" wakwazi ukuziphindisela.

I-Thermopylae yamisa iirekhodi ezimbini ezingenakubethwa yiyo nayiphi na inkcazo yeeyi: umkhumbi waseMelbourne ukuya eShanghai unqabile phantse inyanga enye, kwaye umgama phakathi kweShailand kunye neLondon i-clipper yahamba ngeenyanga ezintathu.

Ngo-1887 iThermopylae yathengwa yiBritish. Iminyaka elishumi edlulileyo yayisetyenziswe njengemikhumbi yoqeqesho. Ngomnyaka we-1907, umzimba wakhe wawunzima kakhulu kangangokuthi kwagqitywa ukuba ibhale kwaye ityeke iinqanawa. Ngokukhawuleza i-Thermopylae yayisigxina. Ngomnyaka ka-2003, iinqhekeza zesitya zafunyanwa kumanzi kufuphi naseLisbon.

I-final clipper ye-tea

"I-Cutty Sark" yinqanawa yakutshanje ye-speed-speed, eyaziwayo kwihlabathi lonke ngokuphakama kwayo. Edale ngowe-1869, le nqanawa yasinda nanamhlanje. Le ndawo yeefesi, njengayo nayiphi na impahla, inembali yayo. Yakhiwe ngumyalelo womnini wempahla yaseBrithani uJohn Willis. Nangona ukuba iinqanawa zokuhamba ngomkhumbi zatshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngotshwala, uJohn Willis wayefuna ukuba ngumnikazi wesilwanyana esihamba ngokukhawuleza. Umsebenzi oyintloko wale nqanawa kwakukukhawuleza ukuthutha itiye esuka eChina ukuya eNgilani. Ngaphaya komyalelo wabasebenzi abasebenza kwenkampani "Scott and Linton" phantsi kolawulo lwenkosi yaseHercules Linton. Inqanawa entsha, ngokungafani nezinye iinqwelo ezihamba ngeenqanawa eziphezulu, zaxhotyiswa ngeqondo eliphezulu. Isisombululo esakhayo ngexesha lesivunguvungu sasixabiswa ngempumelelo ngabasebenzi beenqanawa. Awugqibeli ibandla leqela elizayo le-tea clipper, ngowe-1869 inkampani "uScott noLinton" yachithwa. Ukwakhiwa kweso sikhephe kwathathwa enye inkampani, usebenzisa imifanekiso yeHercules Linton.

Ngokwakhelo lwalo, le clipper yilelo hlobo lweenqanawa ezidibeneyo: liqukethe isitye esenziwe ngesikhumba somthi. Kule meko, kwesikhumba senxalenye ye-clipper, efumaneka ngaphaya komlambo wamanzi, abasebenzi basebenzisa uphawu. Ingxenye yeso nqanawa phantsi komlambo wamanzi yenziwe nguTomas (uhlanga lwe-elm). Kwilungiselelo lezantsi, amacwecwe ebhedu asetyenziswa.

Isitya sinezinto ezilandelayo zobugcisa:

• "I-Cutty Sark" yayingu- 85.4 m ubude.
• Ububanzi buyi 11.2 m.
• Umphambili wawungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-46 ubude.
• Indawo epheleleyo yesitya yayiyi-2,985 square meters.
• Ukufuduswa kwimizuzu engama-2130.
• Isitya sokuhamba ngomkhumbi sinamathole amathathu.

I-hull ye nqanawa yayifakwe emnyama, apho iimilo ezimbini zegolide zazibukeka kakuhle. Amagqabi ama-golden laurel ayetyenziswe njengemihlobiso.

Emzimbeni wachazwa "I-Star of India." Okulandelayo ngesimo sesangqa kwakukho umbhalo othi: "Ukukhanya kwasezulwini kuya kusibonisa indlela." Kwakhona, umzimba wawuhlotshiswe ngencwadi ethi "W", apho ilanga laphuma khona - uhlobo lophawu lomnini-mkhumbi.

Ngekwindla ka-1869 umkhumbi wawukulungele ukuhamba ngomkhumbi. NgoNovemba, yaqaliswa kuMlambo waseClyde.

Imvelaphi yegama lomkhumbi

I-clipper yeheyi yafumana igama, okwakuthiwa ngelo xesha libukeka lingaqhelekanga. Ekuqaleni, uJohn Willis wayefuna ukubiza umnqanawa wakhe ngokuthi "Wit Witch". Kodwa ekubeni igama elinjalo lisele lisetyenziswe enye inqanawa, umnini-nqanawa wagqiba ukubiza igama lakhe ngomkhumbi njenge-heroin kaRobert Burns imbongo "uTam O'Shenter." Ukusuka eScotland u-Cutty Sark uguqulela ngokuthi "ihembe elifutshane". Kwakuyi-"Nan-short-shirt" ebizwa ngokuba ngumlumbi, owaseScotland wayesaba abantwana abancinci. Ngokungafani nomnini-mkhumbi, oomkhumbi, beva igama elizayo le-clipper, babengenomdla. Oku kuchazwa yienkolelo ezivela kwindawo yazo. Abanqwelisi basoloko bebangekhe bahambe ngomkhumbi ngoLwesihlanu, babesaba ikati emnyama kunye nenombolo "13". Baye bakholelwa ukuba igama elinjalo liza kubangela ukufa kwelo nqanawa kunye nabasebenzi balo. Abanqwelisi abaninzi bacela umninimzi ukuba atshintshe igama le-tea clipper, kodwa uJohn Willis wayenethemba lokuba iinqanawa zakhe zilinde ixesha elide nelonwabileyo.

Isalathisi sale mfesi sasiba ngumhlobiso wesaphetha se-tea clipper. Kwimbongo, umnini-mkhumbi wayekuthanda kakhulu umzuzu xa umlusi omncinci ezama ukulandela uTom wambamba ihashe ngomsila. Le ngqungquthela uJohn Willis wanquma ukubonakalisa njengomfanekiso wesaphetha sakhe. Isalathisi esibhaliweyo ngumlumbi otyhola umsila wehashe ngesandla eseluliweyo.

Kwimbali yayo yonke, iinqanawa zazivame ukuwela kwisiqhwithi, ngenxa yoko umlumbi waphulukana ngokuphindaphindiweyo intloko kwaye welula ingalo yakhe. Iimpawu zomfanekiso olahlekileyo elwandle kwafuneka zivuselelwe ngethuba ngalinye. Iinhloko ezintsha kunye nezandla zeNan-short-shirt zibukeka zingabonakali.

Yintoni eyabangela udumo lomkhumbi?

Ngomnyaka we-1872, ngexesha lomdlalo kunye nomkhumbi wecala "i-Thermopylae" kwi "Cutty Sark" kwakukho ukuphazamiseka. Ngenxa yeso sikhephe somoya, ivili lokuhamba lalahleka. Umthetheli wayefanele agcine iinqanawa emoyeni, esebenzisa ihange elithandayo. Ngelo xesha, abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni baxhomekeke ekwenzeni ivili lokuhamba. Ukuqhoqhoqhoba encinci kwi-smithy ephucukisiwe kwidonki ngokukhawuleza kwomoya. Unyana womphathi-mkhosi, owayebethela ngokukhawuleza ngelo xesha, phantse wavutha ngamalahle avuthayo. Isiqhwithi asizange siyeke iintsuku ezisibhozo, nto leyo eyaphazamisa kakhulu inkqubo yokuvelisa i-helm. Uphethe umsebenzi womkhandi wesixhobo uHenry Henderson. Kamva igama lakhe liya kuhla kwimbali yokuhamba kweBrithani.

Ukulimala kwinqwelo ehambayo kwakuyimbangela yokulahleka kwe "Cutty Sark". Nangona le nkcazo yeeti yafika kwisayithi ngeveki emva kwe "Thermopyl", wakhunjuzwa ngenxa yokuqina komphathi, othe wagqiba ekubeni angashiyi umncintiswano, kwaye kufuneka alungiswe ngqo elwandle oluvulekileyo. Ngoncedo lwevili lokuqhuba, i-crew yakwazi ukuqhubela phambili umqhubi kwaye ingene kwimbali yokuhamba ngesiNgesi.

I-future fate ye-ship fast

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukubhukuda eChina ukulungiselela itiye kuye kwaba yinzuzo. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwemveliso ye-textile e-Ngilani, le nqanawa yayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha uboya e-Australia. UC Clipper wayehlala ehlaselwa kwisiqhwithi. Nangona kunjalo ukuba kwelinye la mahambo e-"Cutty Sark" onke ama-masts ayonakaliswe, imbali ye-clipper ayizange iphele apho.

Ngowe-1895, "u-Cutty Sark" uthenge inkampani yasePutukezi "Ferreira". Emva koko iinqanawa zaziphindwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye zixhotyiswe kwakhona, ngenxa yoko iinqanawa zaso zithatha indawo yeso sithuthi. Ngowe-1922, "u-Cutty Sark" wafunyanwa nguCaptain Wilfred Doumen. I-clipper yabuyiselwa kwisigxina sayo sokuqala, kwaye yena ngokwakhe wayetyenziswe njengomkhumbi wokuqeqesha. Namhlanje inqanawa yindawo yemyuzi yemyuzo, kwaye i-dock yayo yayingumququ owomileyo eGreenwich (eNgilani).

Isiphelo

I-clipper ye-Tea "I-Cutty Sark", nangona konke ukwesaba kwabanamakholosisi, kwakuyinqanawa evuyayo kwaye inempumelelo kakhulu. Awuyi kuhlala naphantsi kwinqanaba elwandle, kodwa ngumhlobiso wesigxina saseLondon. Nabani na onokuyixabisa ubuqaqawuli be-tea clipper yokugqibela.