"Ifilosofi kaKristu" Erasmus: Ideas Basic

Le mfundiso ye Erasmus ngumzekelo ekuthiwa nobuntu ngaphaya Alps. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ibinzana elithi "Renaissance" ekunokuthiwa Northern Europe kuphela ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kwiimeko. Nakowuphi na umzekelo, oku akuzange efana kakhulu i-Italian Renaissance. Nabantu of Northern Europe akazange azame kakhulu ukuvuselela izithethe yamandulo, kodwa ukuqonda kakuhle ubuKristu. Ixesha elininzi spare wafunda oko Plato noAristotle, kodwa iBhayibhile. Ngoko ke, ukuba "ngaphaya Alps Renaissance," uphawu uphawu esinye ngumkhuba - uHlaziyo. Kodwa ke uninzi abameli Northern Renaissance (njengoko, umzekelo, i-sezifundo Erazm Rotterdamsky), kuba zonke ukugxeka yamaRoma Katolika, akukho nto kweminquba ongumProtestanti. Ngaphezu koko, babefuna ukuguqula ihlelo yeharim, kodwa ikhefu epheleleyo nayo sizixhalabisa nabo. Erasmus yaziwa ngokuba uMdali kwenkqubo entsha ngezakwaLizwi, apho wazama ukuba uphendule umbuzo kufuneka ibe yintoni na imbopheleleko yabantu kuThixo, yaye kwenzeka konke oku ukuthatha isimilo kunye nokuziphatha.

Wayengubani Erazm Rotterdamsky

Ngokufutshane ngale ndoda ngokungaqhelekanga, uyakwazi ukuthetha oku kulandelayo. Yena unyana ongumgqakhwe lombingeleli, intombi kwagqirha, yena wazalwa ngendlela kwihlomela-Rotterdam phantsi igama Gouda. Ngenxa yoko igama lakhe, njengoko kwakusenziwa ngaloo mihla. Ngoko wabiza-abantu ngokomoya, ubukhulu becala iimonki - ngegama kunye nendawo yokuzalwa. Ekubeni abazali bakhe wafa kusasa, abagcini azixhokonxa lo mfana ukuba isigqubuthelo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho ukukhetha kwakhe, kunzima ukuba yimonki yanikwa sobulumko elizayo. Ngaphambi kokuba izifungo, yena wayeqhelene ezakudala zamandulo, awalibethayo yakhe enhle. Imfundo kuye kwamnceda ukuba utshintshe ibali lobomi bakhe. Enye oobhishophu kwakufuneka nguNobhala-Latinist. Erasmus akwazi ukuthatha le ndawo ngoncedo umphathi wakhe ushiye ubomi obungqongqo. Noko ke, wayesoloko waba yenkolo nzulu. Erasmus bahamba. Yena waba ithuba lokuba bafunde Sorbonne. Apho wazenza yenkolo, kodwa enyanisweni wayefunda iincwadi Latin. Erasmus waphupha of isifundo seBhayibhile. Kodwa oku kube yimfuneko ukuba ukufunda ulwimi isiGrike. Le sobulumko elizayo umshado kakhulu. Kwakhona watyelela eNgilani, apho wadibana Thomas More, yaye enoburharha kunye nezimvo ezakhayo malunga apho amasiko.

qala umsebenzi

Iimbono Erasmus waqala ukwakha e Oxford. Apho wadibana abayithandayo zakudala, ngubani bamrhuqela zibe isangqa yakhe. Xa amawaka, anamakhulu mahlanu,-nzulu elizayo iye yabuyela eParis, into yokuqala wapapasha incwadi aphorisms isiGrike kunye nesiLatini. Yena kamva waya iintlelo eziliqela. izazinzulu Ubomi bafumene okuqhubela entsha. Ke kaloku iinjongo ezimbini Erasmus apho - ukuba imiphakathi ngababhali bamandulo ekhaya apapashe itekisi authentic of the New Testament, yaguqulelwa ngokusuka kwisiGrike. Theology wayengekho yakhe eyona nto uyithandayo-ihashe. Imfundiso Erasmus kunokuba yesimilo bulumko. Wasebenza kangangokuba bexesha babezibuza ukuba umntu omnye akwazi ukubhala kangaka. Idala yesayensi imisebenzi, ezithandwayo ubuntatheli, kunye namakhulu iinguqulelo kwisiLatin of Greek yesandla. Kuphela enye yeeleta zakhe abahlobo wahlala malunga namawaka amabini.

Ukubhala imisebenzi ezinkulu

Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe Sorbonne, Erasmus kunyanzeleka ukuba bahlala kwiimeko singaxineki. Udla esihambela eParis eNetherlands kunye umva, ehlala Leuven, Orleans, yaphucuka wafunda isiGrike. Kwaba kule minyaka, Erasmus wabhala "Izixhobo ze egorheni lamaKristu." Le ncwadi yaba ngenxa yeemfundiso zakhe, nangona ukuthandwa bulumko wazisa esinye umsebenzi. Kuyo, wayebonakala owesibini engundoqo injongo of the Italian Renaissance. Eyona njongo yalo msebenzi ukuba itotshi sobuKristu izakubanodibaniso lunempumelelo endala. Ngowe-1506 waya eItali, apho wachitha malunga neminyaka emithathu. Apha uyakwazi ukufumana ubugqirha, ukuba atyelele eVenice neRoma. Ngowe-1509, kwakhona Erasmus wemka eNgilani, apho wacelwa yi Tomas Mor, ngelo xesha Chancellor uKumkani uHenry VIII. Le yamva, xa wayeselapho inkosana, kakhulu, waba abahlobo kunye sobulumko yaye yaziswa yakhe kakhulu. Ezinye ixesha hero webali wethu asifundise eCambridge. ENgilani, Erasmus wabhala umsebenzi wakhe idumileyo - i "Dumisani sobudenge" nangokudlalayo, apho asuka abalinganiswa ezifana Isazinzulu idonki kunye ukudlala-sisilumko. Le ncwadi yapapashwa Paris ngo-1511, yaye ukususela ngoko umbhali wayo uye waba inkwenkwezi ngokwenene elo ke Europe.

"Basel ohlala yedwa"

Enye admirer Erasmus wathweswa - uCharles yesiHlanu - elimiselwe kuye bakhe lomcebisi kunye olungileyo imivuzo, kunye nokungabikho naziphi na izibophelelo. Oku kuvumele sobulumko anikezele ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi yakhe ayithandayo kunye zokuhamba. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva wakwazi iphupha lakhe alithandayo. E Basel, kuza isiqhamo iminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi - okubhaliweyo yesiGrike iVangeli. Noko ke, abahlalutyi beBhayibhile bathi oku ushicilelo ikwaqulathe iimpazamo, kodwa ke kube sisiseko ngokuwuphonononga ngakumbi ebalulekileyo iTestamente Entsha. Ukususela ngoko, abantu abaninzi iincwadi ezibhalwe Erazm Rotterdamsky. Iinkqubo ngexesha - sayo ikakhulu iinguqulelo. Plutarch and uSeneca, uCicero uOvid, Origen kunye Ambrose, iimbongi zamandulo, ababhali-mbali kunye Fathers of the Church - kwaye nani nonke igama it. Nangona Erasmus njalo babehamba phakathi eSwitzerland, Freiburg kunye Besancon, kwathiwa ngokuba "Basel yedwa." Nangona sele ngelo xesha waqala ukugula, izifo khange wamalela ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezahlukeneyo ngokwasengqondweni kunye bexesha lakhe. Umzekelo, Erazm Rotterdamsky baphikisana ngobushushu Luther. Le ncwadi "Basel Ilolo" "Inkululeko yokuzikhethela" wenguquko enkulu wathi umsebenzi "Ubukhoboka baya." Akukho namnye kubo bungayelelani lo mbhalo. Imisebenzi kwexesha Erasmus Basel - nje ikwa azibhala kwi ezahlukeneyo ngezihloko. Oku ukulungiswa philological ngendlela ukubiza ngokuchanekileyo lesiGrike namazwi Latin, neengcinga zokufundisa ngemfundo lasekunene yabalawuli, kwaye isincoko malunga ihlabathi obungunaphakade, kanye Ukufuna ubunye zeCawa, kwaye nkqu amabali iTestamente Entsha ukuchaza intetho ngamanye amazwi. Iziganeko igazi yoHlaziyo kakhulu, angaphumelela kuye, kodwa ke wanamathela uluvo lwakhe, ube phakathi kweenkampu ezimbini eziphikisanayo. Erasmus wafa ngo-1536, xa i-Basel efanayo.

sezifundo

Ababhali-mbali bahlule izizukulwana ezimbini German Anglo-Dutch Renaissance. Erazm Rotterdamsky fanele ukuya koyena mncinane kubo. lakubo real wayengekho Holland, hayi France kunye iJamani, yaye kudala yakhe ayithandayo. Amaqhawe zakhe wayesazi ngokusondeleyo abahlobo bakhe. Nobuntu Erasmus ebonakaliswa yokuba wasebenzisa inzululwazi, uncwadi kunye noshicilelo ukwenzela ukunika impembelelo ezingalindelekanga ezingqondweni zabantu. Ubuhlobo kunye naye wamaPolish amandla oko, yaye uninzi sixeko wamthembisa umvuzo abasisigxina kuphela ngenxa yokuba bahlala khona. Kuye amacebiso - njani endle-bulumko nakwezopolitiko - ukujika ookumkani, iinkosana nabantu abafundileyo nje. Latin kunye mandulo iincwadi , yena wayesazi, mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na eYurophu ngelo xesha, yaye lakhe uluvo indlela uthini ezithile zeentetho yesiGrike kwisicatshulwa, siye sahamba phambili iiyunivesithi.

Moralist, uHorace, sobulumko

Abo imisebenzi Erasmus Rotterdam, owakukhuphayo kuye ukuthandwa ibonwe kwaye nodumo ehlabathini lonke, zaye zibhaliwe ngaye, ngamazwi akhe, "nto ilunge ukuyenza." Umzekelo, i "Dumisani sobudenge" kuphela ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi iye yapapashwa ngamaxesha amane. Le uvuthondaba ngabandayo ezinye izabelo impoxo waba bachwayita ezakhayo - alifumani yabetha kwaye indiva iziseko. Ngako oko, yaye wayekuthanda nempumelelo kunye nabasemagunyeni. Kodwa ke umbhali ibaluleke ngakumbi saqhotyoshelwa iincwadi bakhe pedagogy, ingakumbi kwimfundo abathetheli zamaKristu kunye neelwimi zokufundisa abantwana. Emantloko ekufuneni kwakhe, yena ingqalelo imisebenzi yonqulo emfundo. Wambiza 'intanda kaKristu ". Imithetho yakhe sabekwa Oxford. Khona, kunye namanye amalungu kwesazinge abathandi kudala yokuqala laliqulunqwe iziseko zamaKristu zobuntu omkhulu Erazm Rotterdamsky. Imiba ephambili yale mfundiso, uye ichazwe kwenye zakhe yeencwadi zokuqala.

"Angababulali zabanyathela ngezihlangu ekungxoleni yobuKristu"

Yintoni wabhala Erasmus ebutsheni bakhe, wakhonza kwenkwenkwezi ekhokelayo elinqabileyo ebomini ngaye. Isihloko Le ncwadi kwakhona unentsingiselo enzulu. Esi sikweko lidla lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela iimeko zokuphila likholwa lokwenyaniso. Kufuneka yonke imihla ukuya edabini, ukuba anilwele kumaxabiso zabo, ukuba ukuchasa izono kunye nezilingo. Ukulungiselela le njongo kuyimfuneko lula ubuKristu, ukuze kucace ukuba wonke. Uyayikhulula evela iimpahla enzima zesikolo ezifihla uqobo. Kufuneka ubuyele iminqweno yamaKristu enkulungwane yokuqala, ukuba baqonde into kukholelwa abantu wadala uluntu lokuqala. Kufuneka ukuba bathobele imithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha eziya kukhokelela ubomi obufezekileyo size sincede nabanye. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, kufuneka sixelise uKristu ngokwakhe, ukuba abe nako ukuphumeza iingcamango kunye eziyimithetho iSibhalo. Kwaye ukuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo utolike iVangeli, okunyusileyo uMsindisi, eyeke yayo yonke, ngaphandle igqwethwe okanye yesikolo olahlwa. Lo bulumko kaKristu.

yenkolo Erasmus entsha

Kubonakala ukuba oku kwande kakhulu umbhali ushiye inani enkulu zezincoko ezinde kunye neencwadi ixesha elide yaseYurophu zonke izifundiswa, ingakumbi abazizidwangube, baqeqeshwa oko phezu kwakhe. Ngapha koko, ngumzekelo omhle kubo bonke abantu oluphucukileyo ngexesha waba Erazm Rotterdamsky. Iimbono eziphambili zophando lwakhe zakwalizwi nabo baba umxholo yokufunda nokunconywa. It kwatsala ingqalelo ababephila ukuba sobulumko zange asebenzise iindlela zemfundiso zemveli. Ngapha koko, ngamandla behlekisa scholasticism ngxi "Ukuncoma Ukumatha". Kwaye ngamanye imisebenzi, Akazange asikhalazele. Umbhali yabe izihloko zawo, ubuchule, izixhobo sengqiqo kunye ubhalo, ucinga ukuba izazinzulu yayo philosophizing kwaphelelwa. Zonke ezi ugqirha bamakhazikhazi Iingxoxo bakhe uludlolo kwaye engenanto lizama ukufaka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iinkcazelo kaThixo. Intanda kaKristu kuyo yonke le nto. Iyilelwe ukuba ukubuyisela zonke ukumvumela ukusuka ingxaki umnwe, ngoko ngengcwangu kuxoxwe kwindawo yenzululwazi, yokuziphatha. Thetha malunga nokwenzeka esibhakabhakeni - asiyonjongo wezakwalizwi. Kufuneka abaqwalasela ngayo izinto zezomzuzwana, isibakala sokuba abantu kufuneka. Ebhekisa kwemfundiso, umntu umele ukufumana impendulo kwimibuzo embi kakhulu. Umzekelo olu hlobo yokuqiqa, Erasmus ukholelwa zababini kaSocrates. Kwincwadi yakhe "Inzuzo talking," wabhala ukuba ubulumko sobulumko yamandulo kunyanzeleka ukuba kuhla ezulwini, aphile phakathi kwabantu. Injalo loo nto - emdlalweni, kuquka umgidi kunye namaxesha - kufuneka baxoxe sublime. Ezi ingxoxo iba umlinganiswa lobuthixo. Ngaba ukuba wathetha nabafundi bakhe uYehova?

Umdibaniso izithethe ezahlukeneyo

Iimfundiso zakhe satirical risible Erazm Rotterdamsky lusoloko kuthelekiswa "Silenus Alkviada" - imifanekiso ubumba ugly, leyo zifihlwe obumangalisayo kunye ukulingana eqingqiweyo woothixo. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iingxelo zakhe ithathwe njengoko injalo. Ukuba uthi ukholo lwamaKristu - lifana kukunyaba, umbhali akufunekanga ithathwe umntu ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo. Nje ukholelwa ukuba ingahimbiselani ubulumko ekuthiwa-yokufunda. Kuyinto kwisithuba "yasezulwini impambano" Abantu uxhume noThixo, ubuncinane okwephanyazo elincinane. Ngoko Erazm Rotterdamsky igwetyelwe na iinzame ukuhlaziya izithethe zamandulo ngomoya lamaKristu. Noko ke, ukuba kude kokuba, njenge kuLuther, ukuba awele Rubicon kwaye ukwala ngaBaseki beCawa kunye Nesiko oyiNgcwele. Kwelinye icala, njengoko wabaHlaziyi, efuna ukubuyela ngemihla abapostile nabafundi noMsindisi. Kodwa kwintanda-bulumko uKristu ilitye lalo lembombo. Bona wayekade nobuntu ngokwenene uhlobo Renaissance. Ewe, Erasmus kunye Unikela abefundisi bamaKatolika umyalelo emishini ngokwayo, apho, ngokutsho umbhali, sisidleleli igama lika Krestu, ukuba kukunyaba abantu. Kwakhona (nangona covertly) ithi malunga inadmissibility emfazwe kunye nobundlobongela egameni lenkolo. Kodwa ngaphaya yesiko lamaKatolika akakwazi ukuya.

Christian zobuntu of Erasmus

Yeyona ucoco omnye iingqiqo eziphambili kweli yenkolo entsha. Ewe, umntu unako ukuba iziko iphela, njengoko ebizwa ngokuba yi-nabantu Italian. Kodwa ukuqonda lo mbono, ekucingelwa ukuba lula ukholo lwabo, yenza kube enyanisekileyo kwaye uqale ukuxelisa uKristu. Uya kwandula ke kuba oko bekufanele ukuba sibe nesicwangciso uMdali. Kodwa Erasmus indoda namhlanje, njengoko ndandicinga umbhali, ngokunjalo onke amaziko ezakhiwe ngayo, kuquka urhulumente neBandla, kodwa kude kakhulu kule efanelekileyo. UbuKrestu enyanisweni kokuqhubekayo ekusukeleni makamisele ngeyona nto intle zobulumko zamandulo. Musa ukuba badlale kunye nengcamango unqulo iphela eya kukhokelela semvumelwano yezizwe ngezizwe? UbuKristu sisiphelo wendalo neminqweno yabo. Ngokuba ubukumkani bamazulu kule ntetho i-Erasmus - yinto efana kaPlato Republic, apho yonke into entle, owadala iintlanga, nayo iNkosi wathatha up. Wada wabonisa Akumangalisi ukuba maxesha ingcamango yokuba umoya kobuKristu kakhulu sibanzi Kuyinto esele yamkelekile ukuba bathethe. Kwaye phakathi abangcwele bakaThixo zininzi kunene kwabo ibandla lamiselwa le absented. Nkqu ifilosofi yakhe kaKristu Erazm Rotterdamsky ubiza imvuselelo. Xa oku ke kuthetha nje ukuba ukubuyisela ukusulungeka yokuqala yeCawa, kodwa nayo wadalwa ekuqaleni okulungileyo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba uMdali wakhe wenza eli hlabathi, ukuba sifanele oyithandayo. Kufuneka wathi iimbono Erasmus abavumi kuphela ababhali zamaKatolika, kodwa iinkcuba amaProtestanti kakhulu. ingxoxo yabo nenkululeko nesidima sobuntu kufunda lukhulu kakhulu yaye ucebisa ukuba ngamnye kubo ngokwendlela yabo, abangakubonanga iinkalo ezahlukeneyo yendalo yethu.