Igazi ukuba amaqela igazi: imithetho. abanikelayo Universal. Table amaqela ukuhambelana igazi

Xa yesilungu solo rhoqo inkqubo esetyenziswa ngayo igazi. Igazi amaqela Igazi - inkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwayo exhasanayo okunempilo ukuze isigulane kunye nempilo kakuhle kwi (kumamkeli). Oku kufuna ukuphunyezwa imithetho ethile, kwaye ayikho ngaphandle iingxaki. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi wenziwa kwi xi ubuninzi ingqalelo ngakwicala labasebenzi zonyango.

Yintoni efunekayo ekuqaleni?

Phambi kokuba inkqubo, ugqirha uza kuqhuba uphando lutofelo kunye nophando eziyimfuneko. Lomxhasi okanye abamkeli, kufuneka ube nencwadana yokundwendwela, ukuze iqwalaselwe kakuhle zonke iinkcukacha. Ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi ukhathalelo lwempilo uya kwenziwa iimviwo lomguli okanye ukunikela, ulinganisa uxinzelelo negazi ukuchonga Izimo kunokwenzeka.

imithetho igazi

ukutofelwa igazi amaqela igazi kuqhutywa phantsi iziseko ezithile. Iimpawu ukuze zisetyenziswe efunekayo ithamo yokutofelwa ulwelo elimisiweyo ingcali kwezonyango ngokususela kwidatha zonyango kunye nohlalutyo. Imithetho igazi ngokwamaqela ukulungiselela ukhuseleko zombini abanikelayo kunye umamkeli. Yingcali kufuneka, kungakhathaliseki iisaveyi ezifunyenweyo ngaphambili, ngokobuqu, yenza oku kulandelayo:

1. Iqela Figure ABO inkqubo ze uthelekise iinkcukacha kunye ubungqina.
2. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba uphawu iiseli ezibomvu, zombini abanikelayo kunye umamkeli.
3. Beka intshumayelo ukuhambisana lulonke.
4. Ukuqhuba bioassay.

Inkqubo yokufumanisa amaqela igazi

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba ukumisela ukutofelwa izinto fluid eziphilayo kwaye ubukho kuyo zezizifo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, isampuli yegazi iyathathwa ukuba uhlalutyo iyonke, ziyahlula kwisiphumo inani ibe ngamaqela amabini kwaye ithunyelwe isifundo. Elabhoratri, itsheki lokuqala ubukho losulelo, isixa haemoglobin, kunye nabanye. Eyesibini isetyenziselwa ukugqiba udidi lwegazi kunye RH factor ngayo.

lwegazi

ukutofelwa igazi lwamaqela igazi eyimfuneko isigulana emzimbeni kwenzeke erythrocyte agglutination ngenxa indlela agglutination kwi sample test yokwamkelwa. lwegazi emzimbeni zokuhlelwa ABO yabantu zahlulwe iintlobo eziphambili 4. Ngu ABO ngokwahlukana yokuhlela kwenzeka ngenxa yobukho nezakhi ezithile - A noB Ngamnye kubo ebotshelelwe agglutinin ethile: A ubotshiwe α kunye β B ngokulandelelanayo. Kuxhomekeka indibanisela kula macandelo kwaye kwakhiwa yonke ezaziwayo igazi. Le yindibaniselwano yeekhomponenti ezifanayo akunakwenzeka, kungenjalo umzimba uya erythrocyte agglutination, yaye nje ayikwazi ukuqhubeka khona. Kule fomu ayikwazi iindibaniso ezine kuphela:

• Group 1: ezisegazini abangekhoyo, kukho α agglutinin ezimbini kunye β.
• Group 2: iantigens A agglutinin kunye β.
• Group 3: Isilwa kunye α agglutinin.
• Group 4: agglutinins zilahlekile, kukho ezisegazini A no-B

amaqela ehambelanayo

Amaqela Blood soGuquguquko ngenjongo yokulitofela ludlala indima ebalulekileyo msebenzi. Xa yezonyango eyenziwa ukutofelwa efana ehambelanayo kunye nezinye iintlobo ngalinye kuphela. Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza malunga uhlobo yeqela igazi oko abanikeli jikelele, kodwa musa ukuqonda inkqubo. Kodwa kukho amacandelo ezifanelekileyo. Yintoni uhlobo lwegazi bendawo - ngumbuzo ukuba unalo impendulo elula. Abantu neqela lokuqala igazi ngenxa yokungabikho awakwazi ukuba abanikele jikelele, kwaye abo yesine, zijongwa abamkeli jikelele. Iqela Blood ehambelanayo itafile okhonza ukuqonda inkqubo igazi.

Nangona ukuba namhlanje zininzi iindlela ukunyanga izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuphepha inkqubo igazi nangoku akunakwenzeka. Uluhlu wokuhambelana amaqela igazi kunceda iingcali zempilo ukwenza umsebenzi ngokuchanekileyo, into enegalelo ekwenzeni isindise ubomi kunye nempilo yesigulane. Le ndlela efanelekileyo kuba ukusetyenziswa ukutofelwa basoloko ncam kunye neqela kunye negazi RH. Kodwa kukho amaxesha xa ukutofelwa kubalulekile ukwenza kweli xesha lifutshane kangangoko, ngoko ukunceda abaxhasi ngemali kunye abamkeli jikelele.

RH factor

Xa yophando lwenzululwazi ngo-1940 iantigens kwafunyanwa igazi macaques, apho kamva wafumana igama RH factor. Yena ilifa kwaye kuxhomekeke kugqatso. Abo bantu egazini eba iantigens zezi RH-HIV, kwaye kungekho RH negative-.

igazi soGuquguquko:

• RH negative yotofelo kubantu abane RH ezimbi;
• RH igazi HIV luyahambisana nayo nayiphi na inkawu.

Ukuba usebenzisa i RH igazi ezintle izigulane kudidi negative-RH, ke igazi lakhe ukuphuhlisa agglutinins ezithile anti-Rhesus, lo gama iiseli ezibomvu egazini lomnye nokuqhathwa uya ekwakheni. Ngoko, igazi esinokwenziwa.

Nawuphi igazi - ntshikilelo emzimbeni womntu. igazi elipheleleyo idluliselwa kuphela ukuba ukulahleka kulwelo yebhayoloji efikelela 25% nangaphezulu. Nelahleko nje umthamo elincinci ababambeleyo kwegazi zisetyenziswa. Kwezinye iimeko, ukutofelwa kumacandelo athile kubonisiwe, umzekelo, iseli ebomvu kuphela, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo sisilonda.

Iindlela sample

Ukwenza umamkeli crossmatch sera ekhethiweyo ugalelwe nesampula ukusuka ngumnikeli ukuya Iphepha elimhlophe, tilting oko kumacala ahlukeneyo. imizuzu emihlanu kamva, ukuthelekisa iziphumo, ukuba adhesion iiseli ezibomvu sele yenzekile, abanikelayo kunye umamkeli ahambelanayo.

Emva koko khangela zokungahambisani isampuli yegazi gazi ngenxa RH ngenye ngeendlela ezimbini.

1. Kwityhubhu ecocekileyo wabekwa nyulu ngokusebenzisa saline erythrocytes ubunzima donor exutywe kunye nesisombululo gelatin ezifudumeleyo amathontsi ezimbini zomamkeli serum. Beka lo mxube kwi ibhafu yamanzi imizuzu eli-10. Emva kweli xesha exutywe saline kwi kwimali ml-7 kwaye axutywe kakuhle. Ukuba adhesion iiseli ezibomvu ongabhaliswanga, abanikelayo kunye umamkeli ahambelanayo.
2. Ityhubhu icentrifuge ithe yawa amathontsi 2 umamkeli serum kunye 1 drop-1 drop igazi poliglyukina kubalizi. Ityhubhu yabekwa kwindawo icentrifuge imizuzu emi-5. Emva koko, le mithi leyo exutywe ne-5 ml saline, ubeke ityhubhu kwi-engile 90 ° kwaye uqinisekise soGuquguquko. Xa engekho adhesion kunye nombala utshintsho abanikelayo ehambelana kunye umamkeli.

bioassay

Ukususa umngcipheko iingxaki sele ekuhloleni bioassay. Ngenxa yoko, imali encinci gazi kumamkeli, nemizuzu emithathu ukubukela impilo yakhe. Xa engekho iziganeko ezimbi: ukwanda izinga lentliziyo, ukusilela yokuphefumla, ukuxhaphaza liphindwe kabini esweni ngenyameko ngakumbi izigulane. Ezimpontshelwa mazenziwe kuphela xa abakufumana nayiphi uboniso okubi, kungenjalo sebenziso alwenziwanga eyenziwa.

Indlela le

Emva kokuba zonke zazo kuyimfuneko ukuze kube nokugqitywa ukuhambisana kwamaqela igazi aze aqalise ukwenza ukutofelwa ngokwayo. akufuneki abandayo alawulwa ngurhulumente igazi, lobushushu igumbi, kuvunyelwa kuphela. Ukuba msebenzi singxamisekile, ngoko ke igazi wotha emanzini emanzini. Inkqubo drip igazi lwenziwa yi-nkqubo, noba usebenzisa ngqo isirinji efanayo. Izinga Ukuqaliswa kwe-50 lihla nganye imizuzwana 60. Ekuhambeni kwe iingcali zonyango gazi yonke imizuzu eli-15 Walinganisa ukubetha kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi malunga nesigulane eso. Emva kokuba manipulation isigulane eboniswe Rest kunye isimo sempilo.

Imfuneko kunye Izimo

ukutofelwa igazi, abaninzi ezinxulumene nolawulo ichiza drop elula. Kodwa yinkqubo entsonkothileyo apho iiseli abahlala ezingaqhelekanga emzimbeni lomguli. Yaye nokuhambisana ngokuphelele kukho umngcipheko wokuba igazi akakwazi ukuhlala phantsi. Yiloo nto oogqirha zibaluleke kakhulu ukufumanisa oko ukwenza ngaphandle nkqubo. Iingcali abaqeshwe msebenzi kufuneka ngokuqinileyo siqinisekile ukuba unyango akusebenzi kakuhle. Ukuba kukho ukuthandabuza ukuba ukutofelwa iza kumnceda, kubhetele ukuba tirhisa.

imiphumela ukungavumelani

Ukuba wokuhambelana ukutofelwa igazi kunye negazi iimveliso yayingaphelele, umamkeli lisenokuba iziphumo ezibi le nkqubo.

Ukutyeshelwa utyando olunjalo zinokuba nomahluko, bahambisana iingxaki amalungu okanye iinkqubo zangaphakathi.

Kukho ukusilela rhoqo esibindini kunye kidney ukutya iphazamisekile, imisebenzi kunye nokusebenza hematopoiesis. Utshintsho kwakhona kwenzeka amalungu bokuphefumla luvo. Unyango kunye naluphi na uhlobo iingxaki kufuneka luqhutywe kwangethuba kangangoko kunokwenzeka, phantsi kweliso kagqirha.

Ukuba ukungavumelani kwenzeka ebudeni bioassays, abantu baziva wabonakala ezimbi, kodwa ubukhulu encinane kakhulu. Umamkeli ukuze ndiyibonakalalise nangecesina, iimpawu iintlungu esifubeni empontshwa umqolo. Pulse iza kukhawuleziswa, ziya kubonakala ixhala. Xa efumanise le miqondiso akakwazi ukwenza igazi. Okwangoku ukungavumelani in igazi kunye negazi ngokoqobo lungenzeki.