Iglasi Optical nge khaxa-phakathi imiphezulu: ukwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa. Lens, khulu

iglasi Optical - it esixhotyiswe ngokukodwa wenza ekhanyayo, esetyenziswa iinxalenye ukulungiselela izixhobo zokukhanyisa. Yohluka ukusuka ekuhlambululeni yesiqhelo kunye elubala, ukufana kunye enemibala. Kwakhona ngokulinganiselwa ngokungqongqo kwiintsali namandla zokunganyangeki. Ukuthobela iimfuno ezinjalo kwandisa yobumbaxa leendleko zokuzivelisa.

indaba

Ungafumana imizekelo emininzi lokusetyenziswa zasekhaya lens, ezifana iglasi - khulu eqhelekileyo - kuyanceda ukwenza kwingqikelelo encinane evela phone zesiqhelo smart, kodwa iindondo woqondo abazange kudala.

Ezi lens ziye zaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa lilinge lokuqala kakhulu ukudala i window ukuba iyafana naleyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zale mihla, ingabalelwa kwinkulungwane XVII. Ngenxa yoko, i-German yemichiza Kunkel komnye imisebenzi yakhe ekhankanywe phosphoric acid kunye boric acid kwicandelo njengokwasesipilini. Kananjalo wathetha borosilicate isithsaba, leyo ikufuphi ezithile izinto kuqamba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba amava lokuqala oluphemeleleyo ekwenziweni iglasi, ukuba iipropati ezithile enombala kwaye iqondo eyaneleyo ukufana ngokwasemzimbeni kunye imichiza.

kushishino

Nokuveliswa ezineglasi enombala phezu ngomlinganiselo mveliso yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni. Swiss beqhuba Gian kunye Fraunhofer yaqaliswa enye mveliso eBavaria indlela izinzile ngenxa ukuvelisa neglasi enjalo. Impumelelo yokwamkela iye inyibilika ukuxuba usebenzisa isindululo setyhula nkqo elintyumpantyumpeka intonga yeglasi udongwe. Ngenxa yoko, kwaba kungenzeka ukufumana i iglasi enombala wazo owanelisayo, enobubanzi ka-250 mm.

banamhla

Ekulungisweni yeglasi enombala izinto imibala additive ezakusetyenziswa ngobhedu, selenium, igolide, isilivere nezinye zesinyithi. Cooking kuvela ibhetshi. Oku ezithwala ngeembiza engangenwa, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ibekwe eziko yeglasi linabantu. Ukwakheka mrhumo ziquka ukuya kwi-40% ye-iglasi inkunkuma, ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba ukwakhiwa zeglasi cullet nokupheka. Glass zinyibilika ngexesha upheka gqolo waxhokonxa kunye spatula ezenziwe ngodongwe okanye platinum. Ngaloo ndlela kufikelelwe urhulumente eyohlobo olulodwa.

Ngamaxesha athile, baphele kuthathwa ematyaleni, apho umgangatho kulawulwa. Inyathelo ibalulekileyo sokukhanyisa abilayo: kwi kwiglasi evela clarifiers iziyobisi ekuqaleni idityaniswe ukwakhiwa isigxina, uqala ukhetho imali enkulu zegesi. ISeva yeeFom ze amaqampu amakhulu, ukuba usuke kamsinya, ebamba ngaxeshanye amaqamza amancinci ekugqibeleni kwasekwa ngexesha lenkqubo zokupheka.

Elokuqukumbela, neembiza kumbiwa ezikweni uze buyehla kancinci. Okupholisa, ubuchule ezikhethekileyo kade, elinokuthatha ukuya kuma iintsuku ezisibhozo. Kufuneka ube iyunifomu, okanye senziwa ubunzima ntshikilelo mechanical ezenza ukuqhekeka.

izakhiwo

iglasi Optical - ekuveliseni lens a eziphathekayo. Nabo ke, yahlulwe yi chwetheza ukuqokelelwa kunye wasasazeka. Eqokelelweyo libhekisela lens biconvex kunye plano-khaxa kunye phakathi-khaxa, ibizwa ngegama lika "meniscus positive".

Kwiglasi kokugcina lineqela ngeempawu:

• index zokunganyangeki uzimisele yi imigca emibini ecacicleyo, ezibizwa sodium doublet;
• lo mahluko avareji, echazwe njengoko umahluko phakathi index zokunganyangeki wezintlu obomvu, kunye noblowu spectrum;
• kwiintsali factor - elinani yi umlinganiselo kwiintsali avareji kunye index zokunganyangeki.

Coloured iglasi kokugcina isetyenziswe ukuvelisa lwamacebo okucoca ulwelo ukufunxeka. Kuxhomekeka kumbandela, kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo ngeglasi optical:

• ezingaphiliyo;
• Plexiglas (organic);
• izimbiwa kunye organic.

Ukubunjwa kwiglasi ezingaphiliyo ziquka oxides kunye Imichiza. Tho iglasi kokugcina ukwanxulumene ezingaphiliyo (formula yemichiza Sio _2). Zwi kukho isalathiso eliphantsi zokunganyangeki kunye index eliphezulu transmission ukukhanya, oko luphawulwa ukuxhathisa ukufudumeza. Wide uluhlu elubala anokusetyenziswa ngocingo mihla (ifayibha optic, njl), njengoko iglasi silicate buyafuneka ekwenziweni lens enombala, umzekelo, ukwenza iglasi naliphi na zwi.

Ngenxa yokuba lesilicon

Ngaphaya iglasi dust kunokuba zombini enombala nobugcisa. Optical elalenziwe ukunyibilikisa crystal engxondorheni, ngoko kuphela wafumana isakhiwo eyohlobo olulodwa ngokupheleleyo. Nezipili opaque linoxanduva umbala egesi encinane ngaphakathi eziphathekayo.

Ukongeza kwiglasi dust eveliswa kwisiseko lesilicon kunye ebizwa ngokuba iglasi lesilicon, leyo, nangona isiseko ofanayo iipropati ezahlukeneyo okubonakalayo. Iziqalelo lesilicon nga diffract-X-reyi kwaye infrared ukuba sidlule.

plexiglass

Iglasi kuthiwa-acrylic isekelwe phezu izinto Polymer zokwenziwa. Le izinto elubala kwaye okuqinileyo i thermoplastic kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa abe lilalela iglasi zwi. Plexiglas ukumelana nezinto ezininzi zokusingqongileyo ezifana ukufuma kunye obushushu asezantsi, kodwa lithambile yaye ke ngoko basengozini ngakumbi ntshikilelo ngoomatshini. Ngenxa ukuthamba yeglasi ephilayo enombala nje le nkqubo - ukuba unako "ukuthatha" nkqu izixhobo zilula ukusika isinyithi.

Le nto efanelekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba unyango laser, kulula ukusebenzisa ipateni okanye mfanekiso. Njengoko lens, yena ibonisa ngokupheleleyo reyi infrared kodwa adlulisele ukukhanya yelanga kunye-X-reyi.

isicelo

iglasi Optical isetyenziswa ngokubanzi lens ekhobokisayo, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezininzi okubonakalayo. Ukulandwa lens Single kusetyenziswa iglasi. Iilensi ndlela ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo lokuqala okanye iinkqubo ezifana omabonakude, ulise, iimikroskopu, theodolites, yerediyo, iikhamera kunye nezixhobo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yile iglasi woqondo eemfuno zamehlo, kuba ngaphandle kwabo nzima okanye nzima ukulungisa iintsilelo ebusweni (ukubona, astigmatism, hyperopia, ukuphazamiseka zokuhlala kunye nezinye izifo). Sezibuko kunye diopters zingenziwa esuka iglasi zwi, kwaye lweplastiki ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

besayensi

ibalulekile yaye icandelo nayiphi teleskopu kuyabiza kakhulu iindondo Optical. abalandeli ngokwabo ukuqokelela refractors, oku kufuna kancinane, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu into - plano yeglasi lens.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela ukwenza iilensi omnye ngeenkwenkwezi enamandla, kwaye kanye ngakumbi ibengezela yayo, kungathatha iminyaka emininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1982, ukuya ngusozigidi Charles Yerkes wajika intloko University of Chicago Vilyam Harper ecela observatory ezemali. Yerkes wamfaka kuwo malunga namakhulu amathathu amawaka eerandi, kunye namashumi amane amawaka eyachithwayo kuthengwa lens ngenxa enamandla kakhulu ngexesha ezinjengeetelescope kule planethi. Observatory yathiywa emva yemali Yerkes, kwaye okwangoku eli refractor lens enobubanzi-102 cm uthathwa nje enkulu ehlabathini.

Izibona enobubanzi emikhulu reflectors, kukho ukukhanya-ukuvuna mirror element.

Kukho olunye uhlobo lens asetyenziswe ngeenkwenkwezi, kwaye zamehlo - yeglasi khaxa-phakathi imiphezulu, ekuthiwa meniscus. Kusenokuba kweentlobo ezimbini: ukusasazeka kunye indibano. Ukusasazeka meniscus edge inxenye iziko ziyatyeba kwaye ngokuncipha ekuqokelelweni kungummongo.