Igqampe emhlabeni enomsila. Oko izazinzulu ziye wavelisa ukugaleleka probe phezu komhlaba enomsila?

Xa konke ukwalatha, siye singene kwixesha izinto ezintsha. Uninzi kunyaka ophelileyo ngomoya bated ubukele mission "Rosetta". Igqampe emhlabeni enomsila, okokuqala kwimbali, yaba operation nzima, kwakunye program lonke liphela. Nangona kunjalo, ezi bunzima musa wolinciphisa ixabiso zombini siganeko kunye data ukuba sele atsalwa kwaye linikezela probe isithuba. Yini na ke kwakufuneka ngeenyawo phezu nonomgca yaye yintoni iziphumo sele ifunyenwe isayensi? Oku kuza kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

The main imfihlakalo

Makhe siqale kude. Omnye wemingeni engundoqo ejongene lonke ihlabathi lwezenzululwazi - baqonde ukuba negalelo ekuveleni eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukususela kwimihla yamandulo ngalo mba wavakalisa yendyebo yeengcinga. Enye ingcamango yanamhlanje ithi ukuba akukho indima Eyokugqibela edlalwe enomsila, kwinani Kuna kwi planethi ngexesha nokubunjwa kwayo. Kukholelwa ukuba babenokuba abanikezeli yamanzi kunye emvelo.

ubungqina ekuqaleni

Loo hypothesis ngokwayo Mathews umdla omkhulu wenzululwazi, kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ukuya biology, ukuze enomsila. Kodwa ke, kusekho ezimbalwa emzuzwini umdla. Ezinomsila izinto space lihanjiswa kulo sithuba saneleyo ulwazi ezineenkcukacha ngokwenzekileyo nisaqala kakhulu ukuyilwa kwenkqubo elanga. Kungelo xesha uninzi enomsila kwakhiwa. Ngenxa yoko, ukugaleleka kwi enomsila kwenza kube lula ukuba ukuhlola ngokoqobo lo mbandela apho indalo kwasekwa, isilayi yethu kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-gidi ezine eyadlulayo (yaye akukho xesha Umatshini ayikho imfuneko).

Ukongeza, uphononongo sesindululo le enomsila, ukwakhiwa kwayo nokuziphatha ngexesha indlela ukuya Sun unika esikhulu isixa ulwazi ngezi zinto isithuba likuvumela ukuba utshekishe ezininzi kokucingelwayo kwaye yeengcinga zenzululwazi.

imbali icala

Ngokuqhelekileyo, qiniseka, "abahambi" zisafundwa ngoncedo-Hewana. ezisixhenxe zathi tshe ukugqitha ezinomsila babenikelwe, bathathwa iifoto apho, esiya inkcazelo ethile. Ezi kanye odibanisa inkxaso elide enomsila - into enzima. In ngabasebenzi 80 ezifana aba US yaseYurophu-ICE umatshini kunye Soviet "Vega". Le yokugqibela yezi ntlanganiso kwenzeka ngo-2011. Ngoko ke idatha kwi caudate into isithuba eziqokelelweyo Stardust izixhobo.

Uphando obelwenziwe usinike izazinzulu inkcazelo eninzi, kodwa imiba emininzi oko akwanelanga ngasentla ukuba ukuqonda nkcukacha ezinomsila kunye nempendulo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, izazinzulu ziye ngokuyibona imfuneko athuthe ngokwaneleyo ngqindilili - ebufundisini isithuba umbutho enomsila ilandelwa yi ukugaleleka olumayelana kumphezulu wayo.

Ubunjalo mission

Ukuze ufumane ukuva indlela igqampe emhlabeni enomsila kuthiwa na umsebenzi lula, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba konke oku umzimba cosmic. It Okundichukumisa ngamandla nge isithuba ngesantya esiphezulu, maxa wambi efikelela amakhulu eekhilomitha ngomzuzwana. Ngoko ke umsila enomsila, ezenziwa liqumrhu esondela ilanga kwaye intle kangaka ujonge umhlaba ngumxube yirhasi nothuli. Konke oku nzima kakhulu kungekuphela nje umhlaba kodwa intshukumo ikhondo ngaxeshanye. Kuyimfuneko ukuba nokulinganisa isantya isithuthi kunye isantya into kwaye khetha mzuzu ilungelo esondela: I ngakumbi Sun, lo enomsila, ukukhutshwa eyomeleleyo ukusuka kumphezulu. Kwaye ngoko kuphela igqampe emhlabeni nonomgca ingaqhuba iye phandle, nto leyo eya kuba inzima ngakumbi, kunye namazinga asezantsi womxhuzulane.

Ukukhetha into

Zonke ezi iimeko zenza kube indlela kuyimfuneko obucokisekileyo ukhetho yeenjongo mission. Igqampe emhlabeni nonomgca Churyumov-Gerasimenko - hayi ukhetho lokuqala. Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa ukuba zihlole "Rosetta" iya kuthunyelwa enomsila Wirtanen. Noko ke, izicwangciso ngokungenelela case: nje phambi kokuba ukusilela dispatch injini kulindeleke kwi rocket carrier 'esandi 5 ". Ukuba kwakufuneka ukuzisa "Rosetta" esithubeni. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvulwa makongezelwe elinye ixesha kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhethe into entsha. Uze ube nonomgca Churyumov-Gerasimenko, okanye 67P.

Le into space yabhaqwa ngo-1969 kwaye ogama imbeko discoverers. Oku kubhekisela kwinani ezinomsila ezimfutshane-xesha, yaye yenza revolution enye ngeenxa kweLanga kwiminyaka emalunga 6.6. Akukho nto ngakumbi 67P omangalisayo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kakuhle isifundo indlela moya, kungekhona ngaphaya komzila kaZeyus. Yenyuka kuye "Rosetta" Matshi 2, 2004.

"Ukwanelisa" ye kwisiphekepheke

Zihlole "nerozi" aqhutywaqhutywa emajukujukwini isixa esikhulu izixhobo ezilungiselelwe iziphumo zophando kunye nokulungiswa kubo. Phakathi kwawo ke camera ukuba sifake imitha kwi inxalenye yelanga spectrum, yaye izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela isifundo lwesakhiwo enomsila kunye uhlalutyo lomhlaba, kunye nezixhobo nasekufundweni emoyeni. Nje "Rosetta" ilifa yaba esayensi 11.

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka uyeke kwi kwimodyuli ekuhleni "Fila" - ukuba kwakufuneka ukuphumeza emhlabeni phezu enomsila. Inxalenye izixhobo ophezulu-zobugcisa yabekwa ngqo kuwo, kuba oko kuyimfuneko ukufunda into isithuba ngqo emva kokufika. Ukongezelela, "Phylen" zixhotyiswe ngeenyembe ezintathu nitrogen oluthembekileyo phezu emva kokuba emva "elisesifubeni lesinxibo". Igqampe emhlabeni enomsila, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, inxulunyaniswa neengxaki ezithile. Gravity ngoko ezincinane ukwenzela ukuba ukungabikho umnqongo ithengise ezongezelelweyo basemngciphekweni lahlekeriwi emajukujukwini.

Indlela elide

Igqampe emhlabeni enomsila ngo-2014 kwakhokelwa ebufundisini "Rosetta" probe iminyaka elishumi. Ngeli xesha, waba ukuba ngokuphindwe kahlanu kude uMhlaba, flying ecaleni Mars, wadibana izijikelezi ezimbini. imifanekiso gorgeous ezithathwe probe ngeli xesha, kwakhona sikhunjuzwa ubuhle bendalo kunye nendalo kwiindawo zalo zahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, kusenokuba umbuzo nengqondo: kutheni "Rosetta" ngoko ujikeleza elide inkqubo nelanga? Kucacile ukuba iifoto kunye nezinye iinkcukacha eziqokelelwe ngexesha esemoyeni, abazange injongo yakhe, kodwa zaba ibhonasi emnandi umdla abaphandi. Injongo yale kushenxa - aye nonomgca ngasemva level isantya. a iziphumo iminyaka elishumi inqwelo kuba koqobo le "Rosetta" kwi enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko satellite.

convergence

Ngoku, ngoAprili 2015, singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba ukugaleleka probe kwi nonomgca siphela yimpumelelo. Noko ke, ngo-Agasti kunyaka ophelileyo, xa mshini kuphela orbit umzimba yasezulwini, nabo bungenjengezolo ngakumbi njengomba elizayo ekufutshane.

Uphenyo lawela nonomgca November 12, 2014. Ngokuba ukutyala balandela phantse ehlabathini lonke. Undocking "Fila" yimpumelelo. Iingxaki baqala ngexesha lokuhlala: ngeenyembe zange ukusebenza kwaye umatshini ayikho nako ukufumana zintshula phezu komhlaba. "Fila" kabini bounced loo enomsila, kwaye kuphela okwesithathu angaya phantsi, waza ke waphoswa indawo ekujongwe ukufika omalunga nekhilomitha enye.

Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwabonakala umnqongo "Fila" kummandla apho phantse musa ukungena imitha yelanga, kuyimfuneko ukuba ubuyise amandla bebhetri. Xa ume nonomgca ngeke ngempumelelo ngokupheleleyo, umatshini yafakwa kunye ibhetri, ibalwa iiyure 64. Yena wayesebenza iiyure kancinane ngaphantsi kwe-57, kodwa ke ngelo xesha, "Fila" ikwazile ukwenza phantse yonke into, oko wadalwa.

iziphumo

Igqampe emhlabeni nonomgca Churyumov-Gerasimenko eye wavumela izazinzulu ukufumana iinkcukacha ngokubanzi kulo mzimba cosmic. Abaninzi kubo nabangekafumani phambili okanye efuna kuhlalutywe, kodwa iziphumo zokuqala sele thaca kuluntu jikelele.

Umzimba zahlola imilo sangaphandle efanayo Dada rubber (igqampe emhlabeni nonomgca kule ndawo "intloko" kucingelwa): ezimbini ngobukhulu iindawo elingqukuviweyo luqhakamshelene siqwenga elimxinwa. Omnye wemingeni ejongene akhona, - ukuqonda isizathu sokuba kukho omhle engaqhelekanga enjalo. Namhlanje ukubeka phambili yeengcinga ezimbini eziphambili: nokuba isiphumo kungquzulwano phakathi izidumbu ezimbini, okanye zokusekwa kwe-Isthmus neziphumo kwiinkqubo ukhukuliseko. Okwangoku, impendulo ngqo akukho ifunyenwe. Ngophando, "Fila" wayesaziwa kuphela ukuba inqanaba womxhuzulane phezu enomsila kuthiwa akufani. Lo mzobo liphezulu zibonwa nakumphezulu kernel, kwaye incinane -. Kanye kwi "entanyeni"

UNcedo yesakhiwo lwangaphakathi

Module "Fila" afumaneka kwi ukwakheka enomsila eyahlukeneyo imbonakalo komhlaba efana iintaba kunye neendunduma nesanti. Kumafa yayo, uninzi zazo umxube komkhenkce uthuli. Hills ukuya kwiimitha ezi-3, ngokuba khasa kwi 67P eziqhelekileyo. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba kwasekwa nisaqala lokusekwa kwenkqubo solar kwaye kukugubungela komhlaba kunye neminye imibutho yasezulwini ezinjalo.

Ekubeni amacala kwi nonomgca ayawa eyona ndlela, baba izazinzulu besoyika ukuba ukuqala kunokwembiwa umphezulu ekucwangciselwa yena. Noko ke, oko wazinika ndawo. Ndafumanisa ukuba phantsi umaleko ongaphezulu yinto eyahlukileyo, ashinyeneyo ngakumbi. Kungenzeka ukuba wenziwe ngumkhenkce. Bakhetha olu hlalutyo bothi vekeleke kunye ukungcangcazela, esisigxina iyunithi ngexesha lokuhlala. Kodwa spectrographs imifanekiso ukubonisa umlinganiselo elingalinganiyo iikhompawundi organic kunye ice: Okokuqala ngaphezulu ngokucacileyo. Ayizi akaphenduli imibono izazinzulu kwaye ziyazalana kwinguqulelo ye imvelaphi enomsila. Bekucingelwa ukuba oko kwasekwa inkqubo solar, kummandla kaZeyus. Isifundo imifanekiso, kunjalo, uphikisa le hypothesis: Kuyabonakala ukuba, 67P eqalisiweyo Kuiper Belt, ime ngaphaya komzila kweneptune.

mission uyaqhubeka

Iziphekepheke "Rosetta" ulandele ngokusondeleyo imisebenzi kwimodyuli "Fila" de ebuthongweni bakhe, akazange ashiye nonomgca Churyumov-Gerasimenko kude kube ngoku. Waqhubeka ukubukela le into, kwaye ukuthumela i data emva eMhlabeni. Ngenxa yoko, inani uxanduva zayo ziquka nitrogen uthuli kunye ukukhutshwa kwegesi, nto leyo eyandisa njengoko osondela nonomgca elangeni.

Ngaphambili, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umthombo enkulu yezi ezikhutshwayo na intamo ekuthiwa-enomsila. Isizathu sokuba oku kube ubunzima phantsi le ndawo kunye nefuthe ukuqokelelana amandla elanga ezivela apha yabonisa ezivela kumacandelo ezikufutshane. NgoMatshi kulo nyaka, "Rosetta" zaza zarekhodwa ukukhutshwa eluthulini kunye negesi, ulwazi olunomdla ukuba yenzeka kwicala emnyama (njenge umthetho, izenzakalo ezinjalo ngesiphumo umphezulu zokufudumeza, okt, kwicala enelanga le enomsila). Zonke ezi nkqubo yaye features 67P uhlala ukukucacisa, ngoxa ukuqokelelwa kwedatha iyaqhubeka.

Eyokuqala kwimbali yoluntu lawela phezu nonomgca ibe sisiphumo umsebenzi inani elikhulu eenzululwazi, abobuchwephesha, iinjineli kunye nabayili phantse iminyaka engamashumi amane. Namhlanje, mission "Rosetta" ithathwa njengenye yezona ezibalule- neziganeko nangobudala kwisithuba. Ngokwendalo, akhona musa uza kuphelisa le. Phakathi namabhongo elizayo ziquka ukudaleka imodyuli, kangangokuba uya kukwazi ukudlulela kumphezulu ezinomsila, kunye iziphekepheke ukuba afike kufutshane into, ukuqokelela iisampulu zomhlaba zize zizibuyisele Earth. Ngokubanzi, iprojekthi ngempumelelo "Rosetta" ikhuthaza izazinzulu ukuba inkqubo ngokuya ngenkalipho ukuba uphuhliso eemfihlelo iphela.