Iiklasi ze IP-adresi. IP-adresi ze-udidi A, B, C

IP - yinto protocol, esiza kusetyenziswa uninzi womnatha elincinane izixhobo ezimbini ukuya kuthungelwano ulwazi lwehlabathi. IP-idilesi - into ebonakalisayo eyahlukileyo udumbo ethile (isixhobo), zabelwe womnatha ethile.

Ukurekhoda IP-idilesi

Idilesi sifana inombolo bit-32 kuluhlu 0 ukuya 4294967295. Oku kuthetha ukuba lonke kwi Internet inokuba liqulathe eziibhiliyoni ezi-4 iidilesi ezizodwa ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo. Ukuba iidilesi kwirekhodi ngendlela binary okanye wokugqibela, yenza ukungakhululeki wabo zokunkqaya okanye imveliso. Ngoko ke, ukuze kube lula ukubhala ezi iidilesi, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukwahlula idilesi egcwele zibe octets ezine (inombolo-8-bit), ezahlulwe ichaphaza. Umzekelo: idilesi apho Hex ikhangeleka ngathi S0290612, ukurekhoda IP-iidilesi izakujongeka 192.41.6.18. Kulo mzekelo, idilesi uphantsi - oku Amaqanda ezine, kwaye ubuninzi - kumaqela amane 255. Le ndawo indala (lowo ukwakweli maqela kwicala lasekhohlo amanani ukusuka naziphi na iingongoma ungumqobo) athatha indawo idilesi, ummandla omncinane (kwicala lasekunene ukusuka division kwindawo efanayo ) ibonisa inani interface ngaloo womnatha. Indawo umda phakathi komkhosi kunye inxalenye yothungelwano ixhomekeke kwinani ziikhowudi ukuba basiwa inani womnatha yahlukile, ukuhlukana kuphela umda octet (inqaku phakathi kwazo) kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ukuchaza iindidi IP-adresi.

iidilesi model Class

kwamashumi amaninzi iidilesi mazahlulwe kwiiklasi 5. Oku liphelelwa ngalo mzuzu, eli candelo kuthiwa ekhuluma polnoklassovoy. Iiklasi ze IP-adresi zibizwa ngokuba oonobumba be-alfabhethi ukusuka A ukuya E. I kwiiklasi A ku E kwenza kube lula ukucacisa identifier for 128 uthungelwano 16 yezigidi lwenjongano womnatha nganye, izixhobo 16.384 network kunye namawaka 64 no-2 million uthungelwano 256 interfaces. uthungelwano IP-based Iiklasi D kumiselwe multicasting, apho iipakethi umyalezo zithunyelwa wemikhosi ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Iidilesi ube amasuntswana zokuqala 1111 ziqwetyelwe ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.

Apha ngezantsi itafile IP-adresi. Iiklasi ichazwe ngu idilesi amasuntswana eziphezulu.

class A

IP-adresi ze-udidi A luphawulwa phambili zero bit kunye bit ezisibhozo-ubungakanani idilesi besive kwinethiwekhi. Ezibhaliweyo kule fomu:

Ngako oko, eli nani likhulu Class A iinethiwekhi ingaba 2 ^7, kodwa elowo kubo uya kuba isithuba idilesi izixhobo 2 ^24. Ukusukela bit lokuqala idilesi 0, ngoko yonke IP-idilesi udidi A ziya kuba eliphezulu-order octet Uluhlu ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya 127, nto leyo, kaloku ke, kuya kuba uthungelwano kunye nenombolo. Kulo mzekelo, idilesi kwiqanda no 127 kubekelelwe iidilesi zoshishino, ngoko abanako ukusebenzisa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inani ngqo Class A uthungelwano ilingana 126.

Phantsi idilesi node eklasini A womnatha eyabelwe bytes-3 (okanye amasuntswana 24). Simple ubalo ubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba abeke 16777216 imixube lokubini (iidilesi interface). Ekubeni iidilesi ezibandakanya nocatshulo amaqanda abo, aba olulodwa, ngoko udidi A Inani womnatha liye lancitshiswa iidilesi 16.777.214.

Iiklasi B no C

Eyona iphambili olwahlula Class b IP Idilesi-iya kuba ixabiso amasuntswana ezimbini kakhulu ilingana no 10. Ubungakanani benxenye inetwork ulingana ziikhowudi-16. Ifomathi network imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, eli nani likhulu network udidi B ingaba 2 ¹⁴ (16384) kunye isithuba idilesi ngoFebruwari ¹⁶ ngalinye. IP-adresi ze-class B Qala ngoluhlu ukusuka 128 ukuya 191. Le isici owosindiswa ngawo wena unako ukumisela uthungelwano ekwelo iklasi. bytes ezimbini, omiselwe iidilesi kolu thungelwano, thabatha zero kwaye ikwabandakanya yeeyunithi iidilesi unokwenza inani iindawo lilingane 65.534.

Nawuphi IP-idilesi yi uDidi C iqala kuluhlu ukusuka 192 ukuya 223, kunye nenombolo womnatha uphethe octet amathathu aphambili. Ngokwalo idilesi unalo isakhiwo ilandelayo:

amasuntswana ezintathu zokuqala 110, bit-24 network nesabelo. Eli nani likhulu lothungelwano kule ^{eklasini-21 Februwari} (oku 2,097,152 net). Phantsi iidilesi node kwi IP-idilesi lothungelwano C esigaba 1 byte, oko wemikhosi 254.

iiklasi inethiwekhi eyongezelelweyo

Xa D no-E iiklasi ziquka uthungelwano kunye octet eliphezulu ngasentla 224. Ezi dilesi zigcinelwe iinjongo ezikhethekileyo ezifana, ngokomzekelo, multicasting - ukudluliselwa datagrams kumaqela athile nodes kwi network.

Class D Uluhlu isetyenziswa ukuthumela iipakethi kunye ubuxoki isukela 224.0.0.0 ukuya 239.255.255.255. iklasi Last E igcinelwe ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo. Oku kuquka idilesi 240.0.0.0 ku 255.255.255.255. Ngoko ke, ukuba akufuni iingxaki nokushukuxa, uyacebiswa ukuba ukuthatha IP-iidilesi ezi parameter.

Reserved IP-iidilesi

Kukho iidilesi ezingenako kunikwa naziphi na izixhobo, nantoni na IP-dilesi. Izixhobo IP-iidilesi unayo injongo ethile. Umzekelo, ukuba idilesi womnatha iqulathe eyanelisayo, oko kuthetha ukuba esiludumbo libhekisela womnatha ngoku okanye icandelo elithile. Ukuba zonke iiyunithi - oko kukuthi idilesi zosasazo iipakethi entengiso.

Xa udidi A, kukho ezimbini womnatha ezikhethekileyo ezingcwele kunye amanani 0 no 127. Idilesi zero lisetyenziswa indlela engagqibekanga, kwaye 127 ibonisa kujongwe ukuba ngokwalo (i loopback interface). Umzekelo, unyango lwe 127.0.0.1 IP kuthetha ukuba esiludumbo anxibelelana kuphela ngokwayo ngaphandle kokuba ahambe datagrams kwi data esiphakathi. Kuba uqhagamshelo umaleko zothutho ayahlukanga uxhulumaniso nginginya yobekelo kude, ngoko idilesi loopback lidla kusetyenziselwa uvavanyo software womnatha.

Ukuchaza IDs network and umkhosi

Ukwazi i IP-idilesi ifowuni kwimeko apho kukho umbuzo malunga nendlela ukugqiba udidi IP-idilesi, sukani nje le octet yokuqala nedilesi. Ukuba u-1 ukuya 126, olu didi A womnatha, ukusuka 128 ukuya 191 - a Class B womnatha, ukusuka 192 ukuya 223 - class network C.

Ukuchonga inethiwekhi kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kwi A eklasini inombolo eqala kwi IP-idilesi ukuya B - amanani ezimbini zokuqala kwi C - ekuqaleni amanani amathathu. Abanye ekhombayo lwenjongano network (nodes). Umzekelo, IP-idilesi idilesi 139.17.54.23 udidi B, ekubeni inani lokuqala - 139 - mkhulu 128 ngaphantsi kwama 191. Ngoko ke, lo isazisi womnatha uyalingana 139.17.0.0, node isazisi - 54,23.

subnet

Ngoncedo imizila kunye iibhulorho babe nethuba lokuba ukwandisa womnatha wakho ngokongeza amacandelo kulo, okanye alabe libe subnet amancinane ngokuguqula ID womnatha. Kulo mzekelo uthabathe isigqumathelo subnet ebonisa apho ingxenye IP-dilesi iza kusetyenziswa njengendawo Umchongi wendawo subnet entsha. Xa IDs ayafana, uyakwazi ukubona ukuba iindawo kuba subnet enye, kungenjalo baya kuba subnet ezahlukeneyo kunye nemfuneko umzila ukudibanisa kuwo.

yenzelwe iiklasi IP-iidilesi ukuze ukuba kukho inani elithile leendawo amakhonkco onxibelelwano nabanye, ezichazwe kwangaphambili. Ngokungagqibekanga, isebe ukhankase kuphela womnatha eyodwa inani izixhobo womnatha-iqhagamshele. Kukho into ebonakalisayo womnatha ethile kunye nenani ezalathelwe ukuba isithintelo ngokungqinelana kunye neklasi womnatha. Njengoko inani elikhulu nodes lomnatha kuba bandwidth phantsi, kuba nawo nawuphi na umsebenzi zosasazo ziya kuwa.

sikhombisa subnet

Ukuze ukwahlula ID, kufuneka usebenzise imaski subnet - ngumzekelo kunceda ukwahlula le ID womnatha evela identifier node kwi IP-iidilesi. Iiklasi IP-idilesi akayi kubeka imiqathango imaski subnet. Tifihla ngaphandle ebheka iyafana nedilesi - kumaqela amane amanani ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya 255. Kulo mzekelo, ekuqaleni kukho amanani amakhulu kubo amancinci. Umzekelo, 255.255.248.0 - oku eyiyo subnet imaski, 255.248.255.0 - engalunganga. Isigqumathelo 255.255.255.0 ichaza lokuqala octets ezintathu IP-idilesi njengoko ID subnet.

Xa eyila i segmentation womnatha lweshishini kufuneka ukuba IP-dilesi ulungelelene ngokuchanekileyo. Iiklasi ze IP-iidilesi, yahlulwe izahluko ngokusebenzisa iimaski, akakwazi kuphela kwandisa inani kweekhompyutha kwi-network, kodwa ukuze alungiselele ukusebenza kwayo. iklasi nganye idilesi yesigungxo inethweki kokungagqibekanga.

akukho imaski engagqibekanga isoloko isetyenziswa for subnets ezongezelelweyo kunye ngamnye. Umzekelo, IP-idilesi 170.15.1.120 Ungasebenzisa subnet isigqumathelo 255.255.255.0 ukuya ID kwinethiwekhi 170.15.1.0, akukho mfuneko ukusebenzisa imaski subnet of 255.255.0.0 ne ID 170.15.0.0, leyo akugqibekanga. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukwahlula uthungelwano ezikhoyo B Class intlangano ne ID subnets 170.15.0.0 usebenzisa iimaski ezahlukeneyo.

Ukubalwa subnets parameters

Emva izicwangciso subnet kwi ngalinye software yekhompyutha womnatha protocol liya kuqhuba uphando IP-dilesi usebenzisa isigqumathelo subnet ukugqiba dilesi subnet. Kukho ifomula ezimbini elula ukubala inani liphezulu subnets kunye wemikhosi kumsebenzi womnatha:

• 2 ^{(inani ziikhowudi elingana mnye imaski)} - 2 = omkhulu inani subnets;
• 2 ^{(inani amaqanda angu ku imaski subnet)} - 2 = nani liphezulu izixhobo kwi umnatha osezantsi.

Umzekelo, thatha idilesi ilingana 182.16.52.10 kunye imaski 255.255.224.0. Imaski kabili sijongeka njengoku: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. Ngokuqwalasela octet lokuqala yinethiwekhi bobabo eklasini B, ke ngoko, siye ingqalelo octets yesithathu neyesine. iiyunithi ezintathu elinesithathu amaqanda kungena ifomula kwaye ufumane 23-2 = subnets 6 213 - 2 = 8190 wemikhosi.

Xa ukusebenzisa udidi network B eqhelekileyo njenge isigqumathelo 255.255.255.0 65534 womnatha inokuba abanazo izixhobo. Ukuba idilesi subnet byte ithatha udumbo epheleleyo, ngoko ke inani izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kwi womnatha ngalinye liye lancitshiswa 254. Xa kuyimfuneko ukuba idlule inani izixhobo zinakho iingxaki isonjululwe kuphungulwe subnet intsimi idilesi yesigungxo okanye kongezwe elinye idilesi lesibini ukuya kumzila interface. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, Ukunciphisa inani kothungelwano kunokwenzeka ziya babonwe.

Xa uyila subnets kwi C womnatha eklasini, kuba nolwazi lokuba ukhetho iya kuba ncinane kakhulu, kunye free omnye kuphela octet. Xa bazama zero kwaye idilesi yosasazo na ithuba wokudala iisethi ezine zamaxwebhu best iinketho subnets: subnet omnye yokubamba 253, subnet ezimbini wemikhosi 125 subnets ezine kumamkeli 61 subnets ezisibhozo wemikhosi 29. Ezinye zabo ulwahlulo kuya kubangela iingxaki yomgudu kunye nosasazo okanye abangele ukuphazamiseka nje ekubaleni yokushukuxa phakathi wemikhosi.

Indlela i subnet kwi networks eklasini B kulula, njengoko inkululeko engakumbi yokuzikhethela. Isigqumathelo subnet Ukungagqibeki ngu 255.255.0.0, lo gama besebenzisa oko ukufumana host 65534. Xa ukwenza iimaski phantsi iidilesi zabo subnet zabiwa ukususela amasuntswana obungu- ekhohlo 3 kunye octets 4. Ngaba kuthathwa yi sokubala womnatha kangangoko ngamanani-32, 64, 96, 128, 160 no 192.

Udidi A lenethiwekhi inani elikhulu kakhulu iidilesi, ukuze apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba ukudala umnatha osezantsi. Kuba sebenzisa sikhombisa subnet ingasetyenziswa ukuya ziikhowudi-32. Ukusebenzisa indlela ngasentla, sinako ukubona elona nani liphezulu subnets ukuba ungaba kuze 254. Ngelo xesha kwi dilesi host into iyasebenza ungazama ukunciphisa eli-16, oko kunokwenzeka ukudibanisa 65534 iindawo.

Kakade ke, oku kuphela izibalo luqikelelo. Xa ekudaleni amacandelo kunye Subnetting kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo izinto ezingakumbi, nto leyo zixhomekeke kumnikezi nomgangatho lweshishini elo.