Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Biography kunye nomsebenzi

Alexander Solzhenitsyn azalwe ngoDisemba 11, 1918 ngo Kislovodsk. Solzhenitsyn wafunda ngobuciko, kodwa bonke isiqalo philological waba zemathematika ngakumbi kuyo. Ngowe-1939 wangena Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History. Lo nyaka oza Aleksandra Isaevicha kunye esinye isiganeko - umtshato NA Reshetova. Kwafika sibi 1941. Solzhenitsyn eqwengiweyo ngaphambili, kodwa bayaphoswa nomkhosi vivo ngasemva. Umjikelo entsha isiphelo - kunye engemveleli wakhe esikolweni zokudubula e Kostroma, emva koko Alexander ngowe-1942, ekugqibeleni ufumana ngaphambili.

Solzhenitsyn iye yasebenza kakuhle ngaphambili, yiloo nto wawongwa Order of the Patriotic War kunye Red Star kwaye epasile ukuya erenkini. umsebenzi Military umbhali ingaba uphephile, ukuba ibingekho "ifilosofi" lakhe. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1945 uAleksandr Isaevich wabanjwa waza wagwetywa iminyaka esibhozo kwiinkampu nzima. NgoMeyi 1950, kubekho ulawulo ezolileyo noko entolongweni ezizodwa Solzhenitsyn kwafuneka atshintshe inkampu ngqwabalala ngemihla ekhethekileyo Kazakhstan. Ezi amaphepha anzima ebomini ekampini Nobel Peace Prize. On top of ngo 1951 umfazi Solzhenitsyn kaThixo zokwaziswa komtshato kuye malunga nomtshato yakhe entsha. Emva konyaka, yena baqweqwediswa sisifo esibi - somhlaza. amayeza Folk konyango, ukuthanda banxanelwe ubomi baboyisa sifo, yaye uqhela okwethutyana. Emva kokugqitywa kwesigwebo Solzhenitsyn wathunyelwa ekuthinjweni obungunaphakade kwilali Kazakh apho ngenxa yokunqongophala kootitshala bade bavunyelwe ukuba bafundise kwisikolo esiphakamileyo.

Ngowe-1956, Solzhenitsyn waye kwimeko yesiqhelo yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Lowo ushiya indawo ekuthinjweni wacwangcisa nomfundisi kwenye emizaneni kummandla Vladimir, apho nakwimizi igumbi kwi umlimi endala ulilolo Matreny Zaharovoy. acula balo ukuhluthwa yobomi nendlela yokufa kabuhlungu yaba isiseko sebali kwebali "Matryona". Kungekudala Solzhenitsyn wakwazi ukuthutha e Ryazan kwaye bafumane umsebenzi esikolweni. In njengokufuna zasendle amathuba kwi elizayo Nobel Prize yanda kuphela. Wayesebenza phezu inoveli "Lokuqala Circle" yaye "One Day kwi Ivana Denisovicha." Kule ndlela yokugqibela laconic wavakalisa uhlobo enkulu kwinkqubo kweminquba, ligqiba ubomi yonke USSR. Emva sempumelelo wokuqala ka Solzhenitsyn wakwazi ukushicilela kwi "Yehlabathi Elitsha" lamaqhosha ezimbalwa, kodwa "Umhlaza Ward", eyamkelwe phephancwadi, kwaye abangakubonanga ukukhanya iminyaka emininzi. Kwaye ngoko Solzhenitsyn igxininisa umsebenzi imisebenzi yayo engundoqo, eyaqaliswa ngo-1959, - ". I Gulag Archipelago"

Xa "Nqabakazi" Solzhenitsyn Alexander izalana imbali kwiinkampu eziliqela kunye neempawu umsebenzi wabo, ubalisa ibali yabantu, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, yaye inkoliso yonke - ngaphandle nasiphi na isizathu, nceda kwi amatye eSoviet "okusesikweni", ejongisisa iindlela zonke iinkalo zobomi kweminquba kunye namasiko . Le ncwadi wadalwa ngokusekelwe amabali kunye neeleta zinganakwa kunye namava ngayo umbhali.

Ngowe-1969, Solzhenitsyn bagxothwa Union Writers ', eendaba iqala intshutshiso evulelekile. intshutshiso urhulumente komeleza kuphela iwonga ngezizwe Solzhenitsyn, yaye ngo-1970 waza wawongwa Nobel Prize, leyo yena, efana Boris Pasternak, ukufumana e Stockholm ayengavumelekanga ukuba.

Solzhenitsyn waphila ixesha elithile eJamani, ngoko eSwitzerland, yaye ukususela 1976 ukuya ku-1994 - eMelika. Ebudeni beminyaka yakhe eMelika Solzhenitsyn ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabonakala print, esiphathelene nemiba yezopolitiko mlonyeni kwi-USSR kunye aseNtshona.

Ngowe-1994, Solzhenitsyn wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe kuhlala eMoscow, nokuqhubeka ukusebenza ngokuzimisela. Kwaye yonke le minyaka, kukho isixhobo ebalulekileyo walencwadi zonke iinzame bakhe umfazi wakhe wesibini - ND Svetlov, Veda nokupapasha iinkqubo kunye nemibandela yentlangano.

Ukwamkela ukufaneleka Solzhenitsyn kumzabalazo amalungelo kwaye ngokunxulumene isikhumbuzo 80th, ngommiselo umongameli ngo-1998, umbhali wawongwa uMyalelo Andreya Pervozvannogo, kodwa wala ukuba enqatheni imeko yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho ezingazinzanga kweli lizwe.

ngexesha lokugqibela omninzi umsebenzi Solzhenitsyn - izifundo embali yenkcubeko "Kwiminyaka 200 Ndawonye". Ixilonga indima kunye nendawo yamaYuda kwimbali karhulumente Russian. Nangona umnqweno ngayo umbhali kuba ukungabi naxanasi, le ncwadi yabangela mpikiswano eliphilileyo.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn wafa ngoAgasti 3, 2008 sisifo sentliziyo congestive.

"Ngenye imini Ivana Denisovicha"

Indaba. Ibhalwe ngo-1959, oko lapapasha "Yehlabathi Elitsha" Tvardovsky kwi phephancwadi (1962). Ethetha nomxholo kweminquba, badlula Ngokubhekiselele ngoko kucholacholo lweendaba, kuqala Solzhenitsyn waphakamisa lo mbandela kwinqanaba gabalala ophezulu zobugcisa oqondayo ukuba ukutshabalalisa babebona ezizinzululwazi ixesha. Solzhenitsyn wabonisa ukuba repressions Stalin kaThixo - alunayo-intando uzwilakhe hayi iyindawo kwiSocialism, kodwa kakuhle le nkqubo, ngenxa yengcinezelo yayo kunye nokungabi nabuntu. Esi sigqibo lulandelayo oluchazwe umlimi bali isiphelo Ivan Denisovicha Shoukhov wobomi imifanekiso kweminquba. Elinye ibali ngokupheleleyo intlungu isidima kakubi, unovelwano ngamaxhoba amsulwa, ukuhlonipha abo, abafana Ivan Denisovich, ukufumana bona emva nocingo oluhlabayo, ikwazile ukugcina ezona iimpawu zomntu. Zonke ezi "Ngenye imini Ivana Denisovicha" yaguqula iingqondo ezigidi bakhaya.

"Matryona"

Indaba. Ibhalwe ngo-1959, eyapapashwa okokuqala kwi "Yehlabathi Elitsha" kwisihloko 1963. Umbhali xa - "Hayi ukuxabiseka ilali kungekho mntu ubelilungisa." Embindini webali - umfanekiso yomfazi yamahlwempu Matrona, isiphelo kabuhlungu kuchazwa imvelaphi imifanekiso kwilali ukufa. Kunye iinoveli F.A.Abramova lo msebenzi kwangaphambili "iprozi lali".

"I Gulag Archipelago"

Documentary nangeyonyani. Ibhalwe ngo 1958-1967, eyapapashwa okokuqala kwi-West ngowe-1973, eRashiya kuphela ngowe-1989 Kukho intabalala yobungqina Solzhenitsyn kuthwa izibakala ezazingaziwa zembali ezinxulumene ingcinezelo kwezopolitiko le leSoviet kunye Stalin eqatha i "Lunxunguphalo Enkulu". "I Gulag Archipelago" - incwadi malunga wabasiki kunye amaxhoba zolwaphulo-ze kolawulo lwamaKomanisi, wajika ilizwe libe kwinkampu yoxinaniso omkhulu. Iye yaba negalelo elinamandla uluvo loluntu ihlabathi yaye kususa babebona malunga utopias zobusoshiyali nolobukomanisi, apho de 1970 zanandipha kuthandwa ethile phakathi zizifundiswa Western.