Iiklasi zeemveliso ezikhoyo

Ukuqhubeka ngokulandelelana komthetho wexesha eliqhelekileyo kukuhlelwa kwezixhobo ezingekhoyo. Njengokuhlelwa kwezinto ngokwazo, ukuhlelwa kwamacandelo eekhemikhali kubonakala ngokubonakalayo kwinkqubo yexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye ngoko ke, ngokusesikweni ngokwemvelo nangokwezesayensi.

Iindidi ezibaluleke kakhulu zeemveliso ezi-inorganic: i-salts, i-oxides, i-acids, iziseko (i-hydroxides).

Ukwahlulelwa kwezinto kuququzelela inkqubo yokufunda kwabo. Kulula kakhulu ukubonakalisa iipropati zabameli abathile beeklasi ezithile, ukuba iifayile eziqhelekileyo zeklasi ezihlalutyiweyo ziyaziwa.

Iiklasi zeemveliso ezi-inorganic: i-oxides

I-oxide yimixube yezinto kunye ne-oksijeni apho esi sibini siqhotyoshelweyo kwi-atom yesalathisi. Phantse zonke izinto ngaphandle kwala magesi amathathu angenayo - Argon, Helium, i-Neon - ifom oxides.

Iiklasi zeemveliso ezi-inorganic: hydrates ze-oxides

Ubuninzi be-oxides ngqo okanye ngokuthe ngqo bumba ngamanzi, abizwa ngokuba yi-oxydes hydrates okanye i-hydroxides. Ukubunjwa kwe-hydrocidide kuboniswa ngufomula jikelele E (OH) x, apho i-E yinto ebumba i-hydroxide, x ibonisa izinga lokuxhamla kwi-oksidi ehambelana nayo.

Ngokuxhomekeka kwimo yeekhemikhali yelungu, i-hydroxide ihlukaniswe ibe yi-hydrates ye- oxides eyisiseko (iziseko), i-hydrates yam oxteric oxides (i-amphoteric hydroxides), i-hydrates ye- oxide ye- asidi (acids). Ukubambisana kwe-hydroxide kwiklasi ethile yamacube kunqunywe yindawo yendawo kwinkqubo yexesha, ebonisa ukuba uzinzo oluhambelana nezibophelelwano phakathi kwezinto kunye neenkomo - ngakwesinye icala, kunye ne-Oxygen kunye ne-Hydrogen-kwenye.

Iiklasi zeemveliso ezi-inorganic: iicidi

I-Acids iquka amakhemikhali eekhemikhali anamaqela amaninzi e-Hydrogen, enokukwazi ukutshintshela kwisinyithi ukwenza ama-salts. Iqela leeatheni eziye zahlala emva kokucoca kwi-molecule ye-asidi yee-atro ze-Hydrogen libizwa ngokuba yi-acid residu.

Iiklasi zeemveliso ezinobuncwane: iisaliti

Amasiza abhekwa njengemveliso ye-atom e-hydrogen okanye i-OH yeesiseko zee-asethi ze-asethi. Kwezinye iimeko, i-hydrogen kwi-acids ingatshintshwa kuphela yintsimbi, kodwa enye iqela lee-athomu elinenzuzo efanelekileyo (cation). Ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kunye neepropati zetyuwa zihlukaniswe zibe ziintlobo: ezicwangcisiweyo, eziyisiseko, eziphakathi, eziyinkimbinkimbi.

I-avareji (eqhelekileyo) isarti yenziwa ngenxa yokufakwa endaweni epheleleyo yee-atrojeni ze-Hydrogen ze-acids zetsimbi (cation), okanye amaqela e-hydroxyl kwiisiseko zokuhlala kwe-asidi. Isilinganisi se-oxidation yesinyithi kunye nentlawulo ye-acid asele kufuneka yaziwe ukuze ikwazi ukwenza ngokufanelekileyo ifomula yesetyu. Zidibaniswe phakathi kwabo ngokweenqanaba lokuba ityuwa ingabandakanyeki ngombane.

Iitrosi ze-Acidi zifunyanwa ngokufakwa endaweni engaphelelanga kwee-atrojeni ze-Hydrogen kwi-acids zensimbi. Iindidi ze-acidic zenza i-polybasic acid kuphela. Inkqubo yokwenza iifom e-asidi yetyuwa ihlala ifana neyosawoti ophakathi: ukuhlawulwa kwe-cation kunye ne-acid residu iyanqunywa kwaye la maqabunga ahlangene ndawonye kumlinganiselo ongahambisani nomgaqo-mpahla wee-molecule.

I-salts eyisiseko ifunyenwe ngenxa yokufakwa endaweni engaphelelanga kwamaqela ase-OH okanye i-amphoteric hydroxides yamanxuwa e-asidi. Iitampu eziphambili zetyuwa ziqulethe iisitrasi zee-polyacid ezisiseko okanye i-amphoteric hydroxides eziye zalahlekelwa ngamaqela e-hydroxyl kunye nama-acid asele. Njengakuzo zonke iinguqulelo zangaphambili, kuyimfuneko ukuhambelana nomgaqo wobukhosi.