Iimpawu ezahlukileyo, iimpawu, umbutho wezemali zemibutho yemboleko yaseRussian Federation

Ubukhulu bentengo yeentengo zeentengo zemali zinempawu ezahlukileyo kwiimeko zokusebenza. Isihloko sokuthengiselana sinelungelo lokusebenzisa imali. Ngendlela elula, ixesha elithile lomnini-mali utshintsho. Ngoko ke, umbutho wezemali zeziko lemali-mboleko unempawu zayo.

Ubunye

Imali yeziko lemali-mboleko, ngakwesinye icala, isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa inzuzo, nangakolunye uhlangothi inokubaluleka kwe-macroeconom. Imisebenzi yezo ziko zixhomekeke ekuhanjisweni kweemali kwezoqoqosho, ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwamashishini ezoshishino. Lo mbandela udala ezinye iinkalo zemali kumaziko ekwereta.

Ngokusemthethweni

Imali yeeRhafu zaseRashiya zenziwa ngamaziko kaMthetho we-Federal "kwiBhanki kunye nomsebenzi weBhanki". Iziko lemali-mboleko yinkampani esemthethweni ukuba, ngenzuzo, yenza inamba yemisebenzi phantsi kwelayisenisi yeBhanki Ephakathi. Ifom yobunini bentlangano ingaba nayiphi na.

Umthetho unikezela ukudala ezimbini iintlobo zemibutho: iibhanki kunye namaziko angabhanki. Ibhanki inelungelo elikhethekileyo lokutsala iifomethi kwiinkampani zikawonkewonke kunye nezomthetho, iimali zendawo kwindawo yokuhlawula kunye nentlawulo, ukugcina iakhawunti, ukwenza intengiso ngokuthengiswa nokuthengwa kweBhanki Ephakathi, njl. Inhlangano engekho ebhanki inelungelo lokwenza kuphela inxalenye yale mi sebenzi.

Ummiselo kaRhulumente

Umthetho uchaza inani elincinci lomgaqo-siseko webhanki ngomhla wokufakwa kwesicelo sokubhaliswa. Ziyizigidi ezigidi ezingama-ruble. I-Bhanki yaseRashiya iphinda ilawule inani elininzi lokubambisa imali engekho imali kunye nolwahlu lweempahla ezingabandakanywa kwi-capital capital. Ingakumbi, i-capital capital yebhanki ayikwazi ukuveliswa ngeendleko zemali evela kwamanye amaziko. Ukubunjwa kwabanini-masabelo kufuneka bahlale bengatshintshi ngexesha leminyaka yokuqala yokusebenza. Kwakhona, iBhanki Ephakathi ivelise inani leemimiselo ezibophelelayo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bemarike. Zilawula ixabiso elincinci lemali , iqondo lokuthungulwa kwezinto kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla.

Ulwabiwo lweMithombo

Imali yeziko lezemali ibandakanyeka ekuhlaleni kwakhona kwezibonelelo kumanqanaba amakhulu kunye namancinci. Amabhanki atshabalalisa imali evela kubantu kunye namashishini amashishini, kwaye abasebenzise ukwenza ukuthengiswa kwemarike yemali.

Ukuqulunqwa kwamaziko

Amabhanki agcina iimali zeemthethweni kunye nelizwe. Ngexesha lobunzima, kwenkqubo yemali inokubandezeleka. Ngako ke, iibhanki zenza indawo yokubolekisa imali, phantsi kokubambisana kunye neCentral Bank, idluliselwe kumlawuli.

Iimpawu zezemali zamaziko emboleko

• Ukulahla kweemali kwiisakhelo somthetho.
• Ukukhawuleza kunye nokuhlawulelwa - iimali zinikezelwa ukusetyenziswa kwexeshana ngexesha elithile.
• Ukuhlawula - ukusetyenziswa kwemali oyintloko kufuneka uhlawule umdla.
• Ubungozi - imisebenzi ekhethiweyo yilabo abanomgangatho omncinci wengozi ongabangela iziphumo kwixesha elide.
• Ukunyanzeliswa komgangatho wemigangatho ephuhlisiweyo elawula ukuzinza kwamaziko emboleko.

Ukunikezelwa kwimiba eyahlukileyo yemali yamaziko eemboleko, ulwalamano lwemali lunokwahlukana ngamaqela amabini. Iyokuqala inxulumene nokuziphatha kweshishini ngemibutho yoshishino (ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zeebhanki), kunye neyesibini - kwiinkcukacha zenkqubo yonke. Amabhanki athatha imali, asebenza njengabambisene phakathi koburhulumente kunye nabemi, kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kwimakethi yokugcina.

Umbutho wenkqubo

ERashiya kukho inkqubo yeebhanki ezimbini. Imali yeziko lemali-mboleko ilawulwa ngokusemthethweni. Oku kubangelwa uhlobo lwentengiso yeentengiso. Inkululeko yoshishino inika ulwabiwo-mali ngezibonelelo zemali. Kwaye le nkqubo ifanele ibe phantsi kolawulo, njengoko iibhanki zingasebenzisi kuphela ezodwa, kodwa zatsala imali, kubandakanywa nabasemagunyeni. Iibhanki eziphambili kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini zingabonwa njengabameli phakathi kobuso kunye noqoqosho. Badibanisa iimpawu zemibutho yemboleko kunye namasebe karhulumente.

Imigaqo yeBhanki yaseRashiya

Imeko esemthethweni yeBhanki Ephakathi ichanekileyo kuMgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho we-federal wegama elinye. Kwinqanaba lomgaqo-siseko, umsebenzi oyintloko womlawuli ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwemali yesizwe. Umthetho wesigqeba ubeka ukuba imisebenzi yomlawuli ayiyiyo yorhwebo, ekubeni ukwenza inzuzo akuyona injongo ekugqibeleni.

Amagunya omlawuli nawo awela kumaqela amabini. Eyokuqala inxulumene nokusebenza kwemisebenzi yoluntu (umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali), kunye nesibini - ngokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yebhanki. Iyokuqala ayihlawulelwayo, kwaye yesibini - kumrhumo omiselweyo.

Ixabiso kunye nazo zonke iimpahla zeBhanki yaseRashiya ziyinxalenye yepropati yomhlaba, kodwa umbutho ngokwawo uthathwa njengezimeleyo ngokusemthethweni nangokwezimali. Isimo sokuqala siyimfuneko ekulawuleni umgaqo-mali. Ukuzimela ngokwezimali kubandakanya ukuba iBhanki yaseRashiya ayixanduva loxanduva lukaRhulumente kunye nemali yonke imisebenzi yayo ngokuzimeleyo.

Emva kokuvunyelwa kweengxelo zonyaka, isahlulo se-bhanki inzuzo siyiswe kwi-budget yezemali. Inxalenye esele ijoliswe ekubunjweni kwemithombo kunye nezimali. Intlawulo yeentengiselwano zenziwa ngokuhambelana neMigaqo yeRhafu, ngaphandle kwalabo bahambelana nomgaqo-karhulumente.

Umbutho wezeMali weeNgxowa-mali

Ukutshintshwa koqoqosho lwemarike kuye kwatshintsha isakhiwo esikhulu semali. Namhlanje, umthombo oyintloko wokwakheka kweemali yi- share share, ukhankanywa kwiimarike zemali. Kuqoqosho lwezolawulo lolawulo, inkunzi yeebhanki yaqulunqwa kwiindleko zelizwe. Ngethuba lexesha, uluhlu lweemveliso ezinikezelwe luye lwasanda. Amabhanki aqala ukufumana iimali kwakhona kwi-RZB, ukusuka kwimisebenzi kunye nezitye, iimali, ukuqeshisa, ukukhwabanisa, ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi.

Umbutho wezemali yemibutho yemboleko iquka ukutsala iimali ezifumanekayo ngexesha elifanayo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo liyanelisayo iimfuno zoluntu lwabantu kunye namashishini. Ngoko ke, kwisakhiwo sezibonelelo zebhanki zingabonwa:

• Iimali ezizimeleyo: inkxaso-mvume egunyazisiweyo, iimali, iimali ezikhethekileyo kunye nenzuzo;
• Amatyala aphakanyiswe kwimisebenzi engeyiyo (i-deposit amakhawunti) kwimisebenzi esebenzayo (ukubolekisa).

Inzuzo yebhanki

Ubukhulu bemithombo yombutho buchaphazela umthamo wemisebenzi. Ngokutshintshela koqoqosho lweemarike, umgangatho wentengo ishintshile. Umbutho wezemali zamaziko eenkolo-mboleko unjalo ukuba inzuzo ngoku ayiyona nje injongo ekugqibeleni, kodwa ibonakaliso esibalulekileyo sentlalo. Ukufumaneka kwayo kunye nobukhulu buhambelana neminqweno yamaqela ahlukeneyo abathengi:

• Kwababani-nxaxheba, inzuzo yikhombisi ebonakalayo yenzuzo;
• Kubasebenzi bentlangano-ithuba lokufumana umvuzo womsebenzi ophezulu owenziweyo;
• Kubabolekayo, ukukhula kweenzuzo kuthetha ukwandiswa kwesiseko semithombo kunye nokwenzeka kokufumana mboleko ngeemeko ezilungileyo.

Ingeniso yebhanki ibalwa njengomlinganiselo phakathi kwemali evela kwimisebenzi kunye neendleko zokuphunyezwa kwazo, iziqulatho zezixhobo zokulawula. Ingeniso iquka, ngokukodwa, inzala kwimali-mboleko, intlawulo ye-RKO, inzuzo evela kwiintengiselwano kunye neBhanki Ephakathi, imali, izitye ezixabisekileyo, imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa, ukuphathwa kwetrust, ukuqeshisa, iinkonzo zokubonisana, njl njl.

Iindleko zibandakanya iindleko zokuhlawula irhafu kwibhajethi, inzala kwimali ephakanyisiweyo, ukukhokhwa kwemali-mboleko ye-interbank, ukuhlawula iibhalana, iindleko zokuthengiselana kunye ne-securities, imali, izitye ezixabisekileyo, ukubonelela, ukugcinwa kwezixhobo zokulawula.

Lawulo

Kwiziko lemali, kukho iindlela ezimbini zokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo. Inkxaso-mali ekujoliswe kuyo (inkxaso-mali) ivumela abanini-mali ukuba balawulwe ngokuhamba kweemali. Ngenxa yeengxowa-mali ezingabikho kwemithombo yonyango inokwandisa inethiwekhi yamasebe, ifumane i-OS, ikhuthaze abasebenzi, inxaxheba ekuthandweni.

Ukwandisa umthamo wezibonelelo kwanoma yimuphi umbutho wezorhwebo ufezekiswa ngokunyusa imali yokuthengisa kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Lo mgaqo awusebenzi kwiibhanki ezinomsebenzi oyintloko kunye nokuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko. Umthamo wengeniso yayo kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bemali enikezelweyo kunye nenani lentengo kubo. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi oyintloko ekulawuleni izibonelelo zemali kukunyusa inani lemali.

Indlela elula ukufikelela kule njongo kukunyusa inani leengxowa-mali ezisemthethweni. Ukwandiswa kwengxowa-mali kuya kwandisa umda wemboleko ngomboleki kwaye kugxininiswe kutyalo-mali olude.