Iimviwo zobungcali lwasenkundleni kwamaxwebhu. A loviwo technical lwasenkundleni yamaxwebhu

iimviwo zobungcali ngabecuphi amaxwebhu na isifundo ukuba lwanziwa ukuchonga ubungqina amaphepha yokuchonga kunye nezixhobo imveliso yazo. Le into kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olukhethekileyo kunye nobuchule physics, chemistry, ezobunjineli kunye nezixhobo ngokwayo.

ubuchule bophando

Xa emisiweyo yobugcisa kunye noviwo lwasenkundleni yamaxwebhu, amaphepha zilandelayo zitshekishwa:

1. Ezi zibonelelo nazo zenziwe.
2. Tehsredstva iinkcukacha.
3. Documents.
4. Tehsredstva ngenxa luphela zabo.
5. Iimveliso ezisetyenziselwa ukutshintsha umxholo.
6. Ezinye izinto Kukwafakwe yi buciko.

imisebenzi

Ndiqhuba kokuhlolwa kwamathambo ijolise ekusombululeni le misebenzi ilandelayo:

1. Identification. Ngelo xesha ykuba umntu elapapasha okubhaliweyo lukhangelwe iimveliso kunye neemathiriyeli, Walizinzisa iindlela zobugcisa ezisetyenziswayo kwaza kwaveliswa iindawo amaxwebhu.
2. Yokuhlela. Into lukhangelwa yelo neqela elithile.
3. Sokuhlola. Iqwalasela xa iphepha kwenziwa ukuba kubekho iinguqu kuyo, yaye umbhalo wantlandlolo uzimisele.

Kunye kwasungulwa iindlela ezintsha wokwenziwa kunye neendlela ngomgunyathi ekhulayo. Yenzeka kwakhona zeemviwo yobugcisa kunye lwasenkundleni kwamaxwebhu.

Amaxwebhu isifundo

Forms - into zinokuhonjiswa kunye neemakhishithi amaphepha ezikhuselweyo izilungiso iinkcukacha yokuprinta okanye enye indlela.

Kuba izibambiso karhulumente, kukho iimfuno. Kwaye kukho imali kwishishini zaba awubulale ngokufanelekileyo. Amaxwebhu afunekayo ukuze baqonde umthombo - umbutho. Zenziwe ushicilelo, apho umyalelo ngasinye kwababaliweyo kwaye kabili. Okusilelayo kunye Umfuziselo yokwenza iinkampani yoshicilelo kuphela ukuba bafumene mvume efanelekileyo ukuze isebenze.

Fakes abafani, ngokuxhomekeke ukuyilwa owayengumkhandi, izakhono kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo. Umzekelo, okubhaliweyo singa zotywa. Ke aphambuke ebonakalayo, kumathuba engalinganiyo phakathi kwemigca kunye nabalinganiswa. Ukuba ishicilela phezulu, kukho ipateni bayavuswa, umaleko ukudumba, itekisi ngokungafaniyo njalo njalo. imifanekiso woshicilelo Planographic wahamba ubungakanani ukuphambuka zabalinganiswa ukusuka ifomu asilolokwenyani, ukusilela nokungacaci kakuhle, yamntlala imigca njalo njalo.
Xa kuqhutywa uviwo lwasenkundleni lwasenkundleni, kunye nezixhobo zovavanyo zinika iisampulu yoqobo kunye nembasa wokushicilela efanayo yaye wayalela kwi yazo enye, phantsi inani elifanayo. Bona kuthelekiswa kubonakale, isiseko apho ukufikelela kwizigqibo.

Ngokuhambelana iimveliso eziprintiweyo imithetho ekhoyo ine iimpawu zokhuseleko ilandelayo:

• inombolo ekhethekileyo;
• watermark;
• ifayibha ezizodwa;
• chweba ukukhanya yelanga;
• yoshicilelo ezizodwa;
• imvelaphi yegrid imibala ezimbini;
• ukukhusela intambo;
• ukukhuselwa umbala ngokuyishicilela.

Velisani, uxwebhu inkohliso yenene evela kwinkampani yokushicilela, anisizakali. Ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa iindlela Ukulinganisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba iziphumo ukuba ukuqwalaselwa efana naleyo yayisetyenziswa kwifom, kodwa wenza ngezinye iiteknoloji.

Uphando amakhasi kunye izitampu

uphawu kubonakale - umfanekiso ephepheni, ezenziwe izicelo clichés ngomatshini ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwayo.

Ngokwemveli ishicilela inkohliso ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• umzobo;
• ukuzala ukusika yesikhumba, irabha, ilinoliyam okanye pad;
• ngokufonela zincwadi kushicilelwa;
• usebenzisa perekopirovki.

iphepha Fake, ebetha kushicilelwa kunye nangezinye iindlela. Amaninzi, uvavanyo lobuchule kunye neenkundla yamaxwebhu utyhila ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa mihla esetyenziswa kunye nokuveliswa yokuqala. Ukuze ubone ukukunika kushicilelwa-10 ukuya kuma-20.

Manga ye utyikityo lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa omzimba okanye engqondweni. Kuxhomekeka nokuphunyezwa kwayo okuya kuba kuyabonakala;

• Bemchukumisa carbon paper;
• indawo okungaqhelekanga emgceni;
• umahluko umbala nangemivumbo;
• misinga;
• breaks nokwehla nolungelelaniso;
• nazo breaking;
• smudges;
• egazi and more.

amanqaku olongezelelweyo, overprint kunye erasure

Ifaka dopisok okanye dopechatok nongeza oonobumba, amagama, okubhaliweyo, okanye naziphi na iimpawu. Iinkalo eziphambili kule meko:

• umahluko zokuBhala ngobukhulu, ithambeka iileta, ukubekwa;
• nokubambisa emasimini, kungqameko wezintlu;
• umahluko inki.

Umonakalo kwenziwa ngomatshini - ukususa okanye bazi-. Iimpawu kulo mzekelo zezi:

• iphepha rumplessness, i ezincinane ububanzi, umonakalo grid ezikhuselayo, yokuduka isilungiseleli seglosi;
• imikhondo imigca lombhalo ekuqaleni.

Ezitshintshwayo Iimakhishithi iifoto

forensics Independent uyakwazi ukwahlula ekutshintshweni kwiphepha elinye okanye amaninzi kwezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• ezinobukhulu ezahlukeneyo lamakhasi;
• imikhondo ezityiwa;
• umthunzi iphepha.

imifanekiso Replacement actualize ngokuthi kuncanyatheliswe kunye yamanyala dorisovki kamva, ngamaplanga yayo umaleko ulondolozo, izitikha emulsion leyo isusiwe woshicilelo ifoto lokwenene. Ngaba ukubona obuxoki kungekho istampu, ukungafani kwi iinxalenye photo kunye nefomu, umahluko lexinene okanye ubukho bezinye iinkalo.

Ukusekwa kwe koqobo

iimviwo zobungcali ngabecuphi inkundla nako ukuzifumana mayihlatywe, ukuqubha nokurekhodwa smeary. Esetyenzisiweyo kule kulingwa okubona ikhulise umahluko kwizinto, apho sibekwe kokuphazanyiswa. Ukulungiselela le njongo:

• picture uphando, xa umahluko ibonwa, umzekelo, i-X-ray imisinga intsimi okanye reyi elibhalwe ngokumileyo;
• ukukopisha uyihlele ezimanzi okanye kwentamo,
• ukwahlukana lombala;
• ezinye iindlela.

Le mibuzo zingaquka basenkundleni kwaye ukudlala iitekisi olumbhatshileyo yaye libunile ukuba ikhutshwa phandle emzimbeni, iikhemikhali kunye neendlela physicochemical ukuze kuphuculwe umahluko phakathi streaking kunye nocazululo umphezulu chweba, ummandla infrared ecacicleyo kunye nenye.
Ngamanye amaxesha ukulungisa ngaphaya utshiswe amaxwebhu, desiccated, zalaba, kwaye lwaphulwa rhoqo.

Ukumiselwa umda we mveliso uxwebhu

Ezi ngcali inokuba umbuzo yokwenza ixesha ukurekhoda. Kulo msebenzi ukwahlula kwizikolo ezikude ngokwenene isalamane. Xa iseti yokuqala, xa uxwebhu akutsalwa phezulu, kunye yesibini - ngokulandelelana lamangeno kulo.

Kulo mzekelo, i kwizikolo ezikude ngokupheleleyo iimviwo ezimele ibhaqa imiqondiso lecebo ngokuhamba kwexesha (umxholo, sisiseko amaxwebhu, njl) kunye neguquguqukayo (iminyaka intlama kusetyenziswa ezibayeni yosiba lokubhala, ushicilelo jet-inki, njalo njalo. N.). Ngokumalunga umda kwisalamane, ukuba iyaziwa: kwiingxoxo wasiwa ufake umbhalo kwaye uyityikitye uxwebhu, uze emva koko yafakwa istampu. Ukuba le myalelo kuphazanyiswa, ngoko siyakwazi ukuthetha ufakelo. imibuzo efana nayo uyayisombulula le lwasenkundleni iimviwo. EMoscow njengoko capital amaziko afanelekileyo. Kodwa nakwezinye izixeko kuqhutywa iimviwo ezo, xa kuyimfuneko.