Iingqungquthela ngubani na? BamaRussia. Izabelo zeSiliva yobudala

I-futurism (ukusuka kwisiLatini igama elithi futurum, elithetha "ikusasa") yindlela yokuhamba phambili kwintando yaseYurophu 1910-1920, ngokuyininzi eRussia naseItali. Yayifuna ukudala oko kuthiwa "ubugcisa bekamva", njengabameli beli khokelo babhengezwa kwii-manifestos.

Ngomsebenzi we-FT Marinetti, umbongi waseNtaliyane, i-Russian cubo-futurists evela kuluntu lwaseGilii, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwiMezzanine yezinkondlo, uMbutho we-Ego Futurists, i-Centrifugi, inkcubeko yendabuko njengelifa le "elidlulileyo" lakhanyelwa, i-aesthetics yoshishino lomashishini kunye needolophu yasungulwa .

Impawu

Ukuze umzobo wesi sihlomelo ubonakaliswe ukunyuka kweefom, ukutshintsha, ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo kweemeti ezihlukeneyo, njengokungathi ukufakela okubonakalayo okufunyenwe ngenxa yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. E-Itali, i-futurists yiJever Severini, U. Boccioni. Kule ncwadi kukho umxube wezinto eziqingqiweyo kunye namaxwebhu okubhala, kwiingqungquthela - ukuhlola ngolwimi ("zaum" okanye "amagama akhululwe"). Iingqungquthela zaseRussia-i-futurists yiVV Mayakovsky, VV Khlebnikov, I. I-Severyanin, i-AE Kruchenykh.

Iqela

Olu lathiso lwavela ngo-1910-1912, ngexesha elinye kunye ne-acmeism. I-Acmeists, i-futurists kunye nabameli bezinye iindlela zokusebenza kwamhlanje emsebenzini wabo kunye nokudibanisa bekungqubuzana ngaphakathi. Iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kumaqela ase Futurist, kamva abizwa ngokuba yiCubo Futurism, adibeneyo iimbongi ezahlukeneyo zeSiliva. Ininzi edumileyo yeengoma ze-futurist yi-V. V. Khlebnikov, D. D. Burliuk, V. V. Kamensky, A. Kruchenykh, V. V. Mayakovsky kunye nabanye. Egorofurizm I. Severyanin (imbongi IV uLotarev, iminyaka yobomi - 1887-1941) yenye yeentlobo zeendlela ezi. Kwiqela elithi "Centrifuge" iimbongi ezidumileyo zaseSoviet BL Pasternak noNN Aseev baqala umsebenzi wabo .

Inkululeko yegama elibhaliweyo

IiRussia Futurists zavakalisa ukuzimela kwefomu kwimixholo, ukuguqulwa kwayo, inkululeko engapheliyo yegama elibhaliweyo. Baye balahla ngokupheleleyo izithethe zengxelo. Kwi-manifesto enegama eliqhayisa kakhulu, "Slap ekubhekiseleleni kwintlalo yoluntu," epapashwe ngabo kwi-1912 iqoqo leli gama, abameleli balo mkhwa bacele ukuxothwa kwamagunya anjengeDostoyevsky, iPushkin kunye neTolstoy "kwi-Modern Steamboat." A. Kruchenykh walwela ilungelo lembongi ukudala eyakhe, "abstruse" ulwimi, olungenanto ethile. Kwiingqungquthela zakhe, intetho yayinokuthi ithathelwe indawo yinto engaqondakaliyo, isichazi samagama. Kodwa uVV Kamensky (iminyaka yobomi - 1884-1961) kunye no-V. Khlebnikov (iminyaka yobomi-1885-1922) bakwazi ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezinomdla kakhulu kumsebenzi wabo ngolwimi, olunefuthe elivelisayo kwizibongo zaseRashiya.

UVladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

I-futurist yayingumlobi odumile uVladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930). Iingoma zakhe zokuqala zapapashwa ngo-1912. UVladimir Vladimirovich wazisa umxholo wakhe kulolu hlobo, ovela ekuqaleni wawamchaza phakathi kwabanye abameli. I-Mayakovsky-Futurist ikhuthaza ngokutsha ukuveliswa kwintsapho ebomini, kwaye kungekhona nje "kwi-junk" ehlukahlukeneyo.

Kwiinguqulelo zango-1917, ezazingaphambi kweenguqulelo, imbongi yayingu-romanticist owayengumguqukeli owamgxeka umbuso othiwa "utyebile", wabona kwangaphambili isiphepho esiphezulu. Ukugatya yonke inkqubo yobudlelwane be-capitalist, wavakalisa ukholo lomuntu kumbongo efana ne "Flute-spine", "Ifu kwizintambo", "Umntu", "Imfazwe noxolo." Umxholo wenkondlo ethi "Ifu kwiintsontshi", epapashwe ngo-1915 (kuphela kwifom ehlongozwayo), yachazwa kamva imbongi njenge-4 ekhwaza "Phansi!": Uhla ngothando, ubugcisa, umyalelo kunye nenkolo. Wayengomnye wabondlo baseRussia bokuqala ukubonisa kwimibongo yakhe yonke inyaniso yoluntu olutsha.

Nihilism

Kwiminyaka eyandulela ukuguqulwa kwezinto, kwakukho ubuqili obuqhakazile kwiingqungquthela zaseRashiya, ezazinzima ukubonisa ukuba zintsimi ethile . Le yi MI Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) kunye no-MA Voloshin (1877-1932). Emva kowe-1910, kukho olunye ulwahlulo olutsha-i-futurism, echasene nazo zonke iincwadi, kungekhona kuphela ezedlulileyo, kodwa nazo zikhoyo. Ingene kwihlabathi kunye nomnqweno wokuguqula zonke iinjongo. I-Nihilism ibonakala kwindlela yangaphandle yokuqokelela iibongozi ezipapashiweyo kwicala lodonga okanye iphepha lokubhala, kunye namagama abo - "Inyanga efile", "Ubisi bamatye" kunye nezinye iimbongo zeempamva.

"Khupha ebusweni bentlalo yoluntu"

Ukupapashwa kokuqala ngo-1912 iqoqo "Inkokhelo ebusweni bentlalo yoluntu" yanyatheliswa isibhengezo. Yayinyikitywa ngamatyhuthi adumile. Bebe-Andrey Kruchenykh, uDavid Burliuk, uVladimir Mayakovsky noVelimir Khlebnikov. Ngaloo nto bathetha ilungelo labo elikhethekileyo lokuba ngabavakalisi bexesha labo. Iingcali eziphikisiwe njengeengcamango zikaDostoevsky, iPushkin, iTolstoy, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo uBalmont, "ubufebe" bakhe, uAndreev kunye "nesityholo" sakhe, uMaxim Gorky, uAlexander Blok, uAlexander Kuprin nabanye.

Ukugatya yonke into, i-manifesto yama-Futurists yamisa "umbane" wegama elixabisekileyo. Ngaphandle kokuzama, ngokungafani noVladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky, ukuphanga i-order yoluntu ekhoyo, bafuna ukuhlaziya iifom zayo. NgesiNgesi saseRussia, isiqubulo esithi "Imfazwe - ukuphela kwengcoceko yehlabathi", ebonwa njengesiseko se-Futurism yase-Italy, yayinobuthathaka, nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kukaValery Bryusov, le ngcamango "ibonakala phakathi kwemigca."

Ngokutsho kukaVadim Shershenevich, i-futurists yexesha lesilivere yaphakamisa ifom okokuqala ngqa ekuphakameni okufanelekileyo, ukunika ukubaluleka kweyona nto ephambili, injongo yokuzimela komsebenzi. Baye balahla iindinyana, ezibhalwa kuphela ngenxa yombono. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela ezininzi iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni.

Ulwimi olutsha

U-Velimir Khlebnikov, omnye u-theoreticist of futurism, wamemezela ulwimi olutsha "lwe-abstruse" njengolwimi oluzayo kwihlabathi lonke. Ngaloo nto, igama lilahlekelwa intsingiselo yalo yesinantic, ukufumana ukuxilongwa ngokuzimela ngokubuyisela. Ngaloo ndlela, izibilini zaziqondwa njengendawo kunye nexesha (uhlobo lwesifiso), iinconon - isandi, ipende, iphunga. Ukufuna ukwandisa imida yeelwimi, ucebisa ukudala amagama ngesiseko seengcambu (iingcambu: ukupela ..., chur ... - "sinobukrakra kwaye siyahlazeka").

I-aestheticism of symbolic, ngokukodwa, iingoma ze-acmeist, ii-futurists zichasene ne-emphatic de-aesthetization. Ngokomzekelo, "inkondlo yintombazana edakaleleyo" nguDavid Burliuk. U-Valery Bryusov ekuhlaziyweni "Umnyaka weeNgqungquthela zaseRashiya" (u-1914) waphawula, ekuqapheliseni ukunyaniseka kweengoma ze-futurist, ukuba akwanele ukugxeka bonke abangaphandle kwesangqa sakhe ukuze bafumane into entsha. Wachaza ukuba zonke izinto ezinokuthi zithandwa yizi bongozi zicinga. Sidibana nabo kwiingqungquthela ze-18 leminyaka, eVilgil nasePushkin, kunye nemfundiso yemibala ephilileyo iphakanyiswe nguTheophile Gautier.

Ubunzima ubudlelwane

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba, nangona konke ukuphika kwezobugcisa, i-Futurists yeSiliva yobudala ivakalelwa kukuba kuqhubeka ukubonakalisa. Ngokomzekelo, u-Alexander Blok, owayebukele umsebenzi ka-Igor Severyanin, wathi ngokukhathazeka ukuba wayengenasicatshulwa, kwaye kwinqaku ka-1915, uValery Bryusov waphawula ukuba ukungakwazi ukucinga nokungahambi kolwazi kwanciphisa isibongo sakhe. Uhlambalaza u-Severyanin ngenxa yobuncwane, inyanzeliso embi, ingakumbi egxekisa imibongo yakhe ngemfazwe.

Emuva ngo-1912 u-Alexander Blok wathi wayesaba ukuba i-modernists ayinayo ingundoqo. Ngokukhawuleza iingcamango ze "futurist" kunye ne "hooligan" zaziqhelanisa noluntu oluqhelekileyo lwaloo minyaka. Inkcazo ilandele ngokunyanisekileyo "ukuxhaphazwa" kwabadali bezobugcisa obutsha. Siyabulela oku, baziwa kwiqela elibanzi labemi, banomdla kakhulu. Imbali yalolu hlobo eRussia lubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabameli bamaqela amane aphezulu, elowo laye lakholelwa ukuba lichaza "i-future", kwaye ikhungathelana nabanye, inzima inxaxheba ephambili. Lo mzabalazo wenziwa kwimifudlana yokugxeka okunye, okwandisa ukwahlukana kwabo kunye nobutshaba. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha amalungu eqela ahlukeneyo ahamba esuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye okanye ahlanganisana.