Iinjongo eziphambili zeenqwelo. Ilungiselelo lendiza

Kokusungulwa moya livunyelwe kuphela ukwenza i xhego ngephupha lalo uluntu - ukoyisa esibhakabhakeni, kodwa ukudala imo kakhulu zezithuthi. Ngokungafaniyo iibhaloni kunye airships, iinqwelo kancinane kuxhomekeke kubunzima obukhoyo imozulu, banokuhamba imigama emide ngesantya esiphezulu. Amacandelo moya nezi amaqela zolwakhiwo zilandelayo: iphiko, fuselage, umsila, bafikela nezixhobo, kukho iinkqubo ulawulo lwezityalo amandla, ezahlukeneyo izixhobo.

isimiso ukusebenza

Aircraft - moya (LA) inzima ngaphezu komoya, mayixhotyiswe mveliso. Nale yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-moya ukwenza le ngongoma eziyimfuneko moya - yokusebenza (lokuqhuba) engangempi le ukuqulunqa emhlabeni okanye ibhabha injini (bendiza okanye injini ye jet). Ukuba Screw ibekwe phambi kwe-injini, ibizwa ngokuba, 'Ndilingeka, kwaye ukuba umva - ukutyhala. Ngenxa yoko, i-injini uvelisa isindululo translational -moya xa kuthelekiswa eliphakathi ezingqongileyo (umoya). Ngako oko, umoya ihambisa ngokunxulumene iphiko, kwaye idala mandla ukunyusa ngenxa lwentshukumo translational. Ngoko ke, lo matshini zinokuhlala emoyeni kuphela xa kwisantya ethile flight.

Yintoni igama moya

Umzimba Luquka ezi ndima zilandelayo:

• Fuselage - ke umzimba omkhulu lo moya, ukudibanisa kwi iphiko uphela (iphiko), buboya, iinkqubo amandla, isisu semoto kunye namanye amacandelo. Le fuselage indawo yokuhlala abasebenzi, abakhweli (Civil), izixhobo kunye payload. Kusenokwenzeka kubekwa kananjalo (akusoloko) amafutha, isisu semoto, injini, njl .. d.
• Iinjini esetyenziselwa lokuqhuba intshukumo moya.
• Wing - ukusebenza umphezulu, ezenzelwe ukudala ukuyiphakamisa.
• Umsila nkqo eyenzelwe ukuba zingaphathwa, ukubhalansa nozinzo zokukhomba-moya malunga iasi eme nkqo.
• Umsila oxwesileyo eyenzelwe ukuba zingaphathwa, ukubhalansa nozinzo zokukhomba-moya malunga iasi enqamlezileyo.

Le amaphiko fuselage

Eyona inxenye yobume moya - iphiko. Oku kudala iimeko ekuzalisekeni iimfuno ezingundoqo amathuba moya - ubukho lift. Iphiko encamathele emzimbeni (fuselage), apho unokuba imilo ethile, kodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka tsala sakugcina ashukimisayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inika drop-zihambe imilo lula.

Inxalenye ngaphambili moya isetyenziselwa ukufakwa-moya kunye radar neenkqubo. Ngasemva yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-ngumsila wena. Inceda ukubonelela zolawulo ngethuba ibhabha.

Uyilo iintsiba

Cinga moya avareji, inxenye nomsila yenziweyo ngokungqinelana scheme odidi, ngokuqhelekileyo ezininzi imifuziselo yomkhosi emkhosini. Kulo mzekelo, nomsila tye baya kuba yinxalenye ezinzileyo - somfanekiso (kwisiLatini Stabilis, ezinzile) kunye eshukumayo - ikheshi.

Le somfanekiso yenzelwe ukudlulisela moya uzinzo malunga esqwini ezinqamlezayo. Ukuba impumlo moya ziya kuwa, ngoko, oko, fuselage aft, kunye neentsiba kuvuka. Kulo mzekelo, uxinzelelo lomoya phezu ephezulu ukunyuka umphezulu somfanekiso. Kwenziwe returns uxinzelelo somfanekiso (ngokulandelelanayo, yaye fuselage) endaweni yaso yesiqhelo. Xa ephakamisa impumlo le fuselage yokumpompoza lomoya iya kwandisa uxinzelelo phezu komphezulu somfanekiso esezantsi, kwaye oko kuya kubuyela kwindawo yayo yoqobo. Oku kunika oluzenzekelayo (ngaphandle ungenelelo pilot) LA nozinzo moya longitudinal ngokumalunga esqwini ezinqamlezayo.

Ezomva moya ikwathetha nomsila nkqo. Ngokufanayo, tyaba, loo nxalenye esisigxina - le isiqu, kunye mobile - amaphini okugwedla. Isiqu unika eshukumayo uzinzo moya malunga axis yayo nkqo kwi-moya tye. Umgaqo tyando iyafana yintshukumo fin somfanekiso - ukwala impumlo zikhangeleke baphambukile ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, uxinzelelo kwi ekunene-ngesandla ukunyuka moya kunye returns zikhangeleke (kunye fuselage) ukuya kwindawo yangaphambili.

Ngoko ke, ngokubhekisele nemigca enqamleze wozinzo flight liyaphapha: isiqinisekiso. Kodwa kwakukho omnye axis - longitudinal. Ukubonelela ngozinzo intshukumo oluzenzekelayo ngokuphathelele kuloo axis (kwi ezinqamlezayo moya) zilungiswe hayi tye kodwa kwi-engile kuthelekiswa omnye komnye ukuze iincam consoles baphambukile phezulu console idalwe iphiko. Oku kufana unobumba «V».

iinkqubo zolawulo

imiphezulu Control - iindawo ezibalulekileyo ze-moya lokulawula moya. Ezi ziquka ailerons, zemithi yokujika kunye nokuphakama. Control inikwa ngokubhekiselele efanayo nezamazembe ezintathu iinqwelomoya mathathu.

Zekheshi - inxalenye eshukumayo elingasemva somfanekiso. Ukuba somfanekiso iquka izibiyeli ezimbini, ngokulandelelana, kukho ikheshi ezimbini zokutenxa phezulu okanye ezantsi, zombini synchronously. Ngayo, umqhubi uyakwazi ukutshintsha indawo moya yokubhabha.

Iphini - inxalenye eshukumayo elingasemva isiqu. Xa baphambuke kwicala elinye okanye kwelinye oku kwenzeka amandla ashukimisayo yokubolekisana moya malunga iasi eme nkqo edlula kumbindi ubunzima kwelinye icala evela ngakwicala ukwahluka ivili lokuqhuba. Ujikelezo kwenzeka nje ukuba umqhubi kubuya ivili lokuqhuba ukuya cala (non-baphambuke indawo), kunye LA ndisiphumeze intshukumo ngakwicala entsha.

Ailerons (ukusuka French Aile, iphiko.) - kwindawo engundoqo ye-moya, nto leyo ezinokususwa panels iinxalenye etikweni. Bona zisetyenziswa ulawulo-moya malunga axis longitudinal (kwi-moya ezinqamlezayo). Ekubeni iiphaneli ezimbini iphiko, kwaye ailerons ezimbini. Zisebenza synchronously, kodwa, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya bekwilift, hayi baphambuke ukuya kwicala elinye, kwaye ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba elinye aileron na baphambuke wobomi, enye ezantsi. On console iphiko apho lifinyele aileron amandla baphambukile phezulu ngokuziphakamisa, yaye apho ngohlayo - ukunyuka. Kwaye ke fuselage-moya ujikeleza kwicala le aileron avuswe.

iinjini

Yonke moya mayixhotyiswe isimiso elivumela ukuphuhlisa isantya, yaye ke ngoko ukunika amandla emcela. Iinjini abanokufakwa emva kwe-moya (moya jet ezithile), ngaphambili (izithuthi injini encinane-) kunye namaphiko (moya waseburhulumenteni, ezothutho, bomber).

Zahlula-hlulwe:

• Lovukelo - turbojet, eliguquguqukayo,-mbini wesiphaluka, nge-flow.
• Screw - piston (nenjini eqhutywa), turboprop.
• Enomjukujelwa - ulwelo, okuqinileyo.

ezinye iinkqubo

Kakade ke, kwezinye iinxalenye moya nayo ibalulekile. Chassis ukuvumela moya athathe off nomhlaba kunye zokuchopha ngokwaneleyo. Kukho izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, apho eYafo ezizodwa izakusetyenziswa endaweni kwisisu semoto - amvumela ukuba uthathe off nomhlaba kuyo nayiphi na indawo apho kukho umzimba emanzini (olwandle, umlambo, ichibi). Eyaziwa imodeli-moya ukukhanya exhotyiswe nasemkhenkceni, kuba ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo cover ikhephu izinzile.

moya Modern ke ahlohla izixhobo zombane, izixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi. Xa Aviation zomkhosi isebenzisa iinkqubo izikhali, ukufumana ekujoliswe kunye uphawu ingcinezelo.

ngezigaba

Ngesivumelwano moya bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: yoluntu emkhosini. Kwindawo engundoqo ye-moya umkhweli luphawulwa ngokuba cabin exhobele abakhweli yomxhaso inxalenye enkulu fuselage. A isici esasenza lo Nemingxuma asemacaleni umzimba.

Civil Aircraft zihlukaniswe:

• AL - moya zasekuhlaleni, abamelwane eziphambili (uluhlu ngaphantsi kwe-2000 km), imin (uluhlu ngaphantsi kwe-4000 km) elide (umgama ongaphantsi kwe-9000 km) kunye enjalo (uluhlu ngaphezu kwama-11 000 km).
• Impahla - Ukukhanya (ubunzima imithwalo ukuya tonnes 10), eliphakathi (ubunzima umthwalo ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-40) kunye enzima (ubunzima wolayisho iitoni 40).
• njongo Special - nesempilweni, ezolimo, ubukrelekrele (ice kwesimo, ryborazvedka), zokulwa umlilo, ngokuba ufoto lwasemoyeni.
• Training.

Ngokungafaniyo imifuziselo zokunxiba, yinxalenye ezontathu abe cabin ukhululekile Nemingxuma. Inxalenye ephambili fuselage ubambe iinkqubo izixhobo, izixhobo ukuhlola, unxibelelwano, Motors kunye nezinye iiyunithi.

Ngesivumelwano ezontathu mihla (kubandakanywa imisebenzi zomkhosi ukuba enze izinto) lungohlulwa lube zezi ntlobo zilandelayo: mlilo, iinqwelo-moya ukuhlasela, ekuhlaseleni (enomjukujelwa), kwesimo, izithuthi emkhosini, ezizodwa kunye namaziko abancedisayo.

device moya

Izixhobo-moya kuxhomekeke wesekethe ashukimisayo, abona kwakheka. Umzobo ashukimisayo luphawulwa linani lweziqalelo ezisisiseko kunye nelungiselelo wokunikela imiphezulu. Ukuba impumlo lo moya ubuninzi bemizekelo ezifanayo, indawo kunye nejiyometri samaphiko kunye icandelo umsila ziyahluka ngokubanzi.

Kukho la iisekethe zilandelayo LA isixhobo:

• "Classical".
• "Iphiko Flying".
• "Duck".
• "Tailless".
• "Tandem".
• scheme ukuguqulelwa.
• scheme luhlangene.

Aircraft eyenziwe scheme classical

Cinga kwindawo engundoqo ye-moya kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Classical (normal) ubeko lwe amacandelo kunye neendibano ekuso izixhobo kakhulu ehlabathini, nokuba emkhosini okanye emkhosini. The main element - iphiko - ezisebenzayo ugeleza engenaziphazamiso enyulu ophuma kakuhle iphiko kwaye kudala amandla ethile emcela.

Isaphetha belilinye bufinyeziwe, leyo kunciphisa indawo efunekayo (yaye ke ngoko kubangela ubunzima) ka somfanekiso nkqo. Oku kungenxa yokuba impumlo le fuselage ebangela Yaw mzuzu ukungazinzi malunga iasi eme nkqo-moya. Ukunciphisa fuselage phambili ukuphucula kwamehlo ikhweyitha ngaphambili.

Bobubi kwesikim eziqhelekileyo zezi zilandelayo:

• Job umsila oxwesileyo (ht) kunye iphiko imibono Ndandikhathazwa umsinga kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo, leyo ifunisa ukusetyenziswa iintsiba indawo enkulu (kwaye kungoko intlama).
• Umsila nkqo (NGO) ukubonelela ngozinzo yokubhabhah kufuneka ukudala amandla lift elibi, okt phantsi. Oku kunciphisa ukusebenza ngokuncomeka moya: ubukhulu i lift, nto leyo idala iphiko, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha isiphumo, eyenziwe kwi-GO. indawo iphiko yandiswe mayisetyenziselwe Nokwethisa esi senzeko (kwaye kungoko intlama).

isixhobo inqwelomoya kwi "uyida-"

Ngesi isakhiwo, inxalenye engundoqo-moya zibekwe ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba imifuziselo "weklasiki". Kuqala kwinto zonke, utshintsho kuba umsila umgca-tye. Le ibekwe phambi iphiko. Phantsi eli cebo, wakha moya wakhe wokuqala Bratya Rayt.

eziluncedo:

• Umsila nkqo asebenzayo flow ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo eyandisa ukusebenza kwayo.
• Ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo iintsiba moya kudala ilifti entle, okt idityaniswa ukunyuka kwe iphiko. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukunciphisa indawo yayo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ubunzima.
• Natural "antispin" ukhuseleko: ithuba lokudlulisela amaphiko kwigophe supercritical yokuhlaselwa ukuba i "amadada" ngaphandle. Le somfanekiso imiselwe ukuze ibe ufumana engile omkhulu wokuhlaselwa ngaphezu iphiko.
• Ukufuduka emva indiza kunye ukwandisa ngesantya xa "idada" livela ngomlinganiselo ongaphantsi kwe kwilungiselelo zoqobo. Oku kukhokelela utshintsho amancinane iqondo uzinzo longitudinal ezingashukumiyo-moya, ke, lula ulawulo iimpawu zayo.

Ezingeloncedo scheme "idada":

• Xa kokuphazamisa ukuhamba phezu feathering kwenzeka kuphela kwi-moya yokuphuma iiengile ezincinane ukuhlasela, kodwa yayo 'unokukhawuleza' ngenxa ekunciphiseni amandla kokususa yayo iyonke. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu kweli lizwe ngenxa kufuphi isuka kunye kokwehla.
• Ukubakho kwi umsila fuselage phambili ngokonakalisa iindlela ngokutsha ikhweyitha asezantsi.
• Ukunciphisa indawo ubude phambi GO fuselage phambili kubalulekile. Oku kwandisa Yaw mzuzu esidala, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukwandisa indawo kunye ubunzima ngesakhiwo.

Aircraft wenza kwi "tailless"

Xa imifuziselo olu hlobo ayibalulekanga, inxalenye aziqhelileyo moya. Photo-moya "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "isanga", "mlilo") ibonisa ukuba akukho umsila tye. Izinto eziluncedo iphambili yale nkqubo zezi:

• Ukunciphisa luvukelo ngokungqalileyo ashukimisayo, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu-moya ngesantya esiphezulu, ezifana ingami. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zamafutha.
• iphiko Large ngqongqo torsional ephucula iimpawu aeroelastic ziyaphunyelelwa iimpawu eliphezulu uphume.

nobubi:

• Kuba lokuxhathisa kwezinye iindlela flight inxenye ngoomatshini uyamlandela edge (beziya) kunye iindawo zolawulo eziyimfuneko Unokuyijika phezulu, leyo kunciphisa i lift yonke moya.
• Combination LA elawula nezamazembe tye kunye longitudinal (ngenxa yokungabikho ikheshi), oko kuguga iimpawu wokusingatha. Ukungabikho feathering ezizodwa kwenza iindawo zolawulo esesiphelweni esingasemva iphiko, ukuba enze (ukuba kuyimfuneko) kwaye ailerons kunye bekwilift. Ezi imiphezulu zolawulo ngokuthi elevons.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela mechanical ukulungelelanisa moya ngokonakalisa andize kunye kokwehla neempawu zaso.

"Iphiko Flying"

Nalo eli cebo, akukho phantse akukho yinxalenye ye-moya ezifana fuselage. Zonke iimali eziyimfuneko nokubekwa le nqanawa, payload, injini, amafutha, kunye nezixhobo phakathi iphiko. Esi sikimu liye iingenelo zilandelayo:

• Isiphathi eliphantsi ashukimisayo.
• Ubunzima incinane eso sakhiwo. Kulo mzekelo, intlama iphela iwela iphiko.
• Ekubeni ndiza longitudinal ubungakanani obuncinane (ngenxa yokunqongophala fuselage), umzuzu isimiso ngokumalunga axis yayo nkqo ayinamsebenzi. Oku kuvumela abayili bamajikazi ukuba mhlawumbi ziyakwehlisa ngokubonakalayo kwingingqi IN, okanye uphume kuyo (iintaka zaziwa umsila nkqo angekhoyo).

Bobubi abo ukuntsonkotha yokubhabha moya yozinzo.

"Tandem"

Scheme "ababili", xa amaphiko amabini amalungiselelo omnye emva komnye, kusetyenziswa kunqabile. Le isisombululo isetyenziselwa ukwandisa indawo nephiko kwi amaxabiso efanayo awo yayo kunye nobude fuselage. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo ngqo kwi iphiko. Bobubi yesi sikimu isiphathi ashukimisayo enkulu, ukwanda umzuzu inertia, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene esqwini ezinqamlezayo-moya. Ukongeza, ngokwandisa isantya yokubhabha ukutshintsha iimpawu eseleyo longitudinal lo moya. Ukulawulwa kumphezulu loo Jets ukuze zilahlwe ngqo phezu kwamaphiko, yaye noboya.

scheme ehlangene

Kulo mzekelo, iinxalenye component-moya inokudityaniswa amacebo ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo. Umzekelo, umsila oxwesileyo nenikezwa ziza kuqala fuselage aft. Ngabo babizwa ngokuba ulawulo ngqo amandla ephakamisa ingasetyenziswa.

Kulo mzekelo, ekwenzeni ngeempumlo tyaba kunye enezinto zinika phezulu. mzuzu pitch leyo kuvela kulo mzekelo ziya mayibhekiswe ukwandisa engile yokuhlaselwa (empumlo elele). Ngokuba lo mzuzu Parry tailplane kufuneka ukudala indawo ukunciphisa engile yokuhlaselwa (impumlo tsakisi). Ukuze benze oku, umfutho kwicandelo umsila kufuneka ibhekiswe nazo phezulu. Oko kukuthi, ukwenyuselwa lift kwi GO phambili kwi iphiko kunye nomsila GO (yaye ngenxa yoko kuwonke-moya) ngaphandle kokucima kuyo moya longitudinal. Kulo mzekelo, lo moya liphuma nje ngaphandle zazivelela ngokuphathelele yalo iziko mass. Kwelinye icala, xa loo uqwalaselo ashukimisayo-moya kuyo linokuyiqhuba nasekusungulweni kumbindi ubunzima kwi-moya longitudinal ngaphandle kokutshintsha isikhokelo indiza yayo.

Ukwazi ukuba lenze loo kakhulu ngcono iimpawu yokusebenza ukujika moya. Ingakumbi Kudibaniso inkqubo ngqo yolawulo force icala, apho moya kufuneka nje ube ngumsila; kananjalo isaphetha feathering longitudinal.

scheme ukuguqulelwa

Izixhobo moya zazijongwa ngabo scheme zijikwe, yohlulwe destabilizer kwi fuselage phambili. Destabilizers umsebenzi kukunciphisa ukusa kumkhamo othile, kunye nokuphelisa okupheleleyo intshukumo umva ukujoliswa moya ashukimisayo kwi zeenkqubo moya supersonic. Oku kwandisa uphume-moya (oko kubalulekile ukuba ukulwa) kwaye kwandisa uluhlu yaye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha (oku kubalulekile kuba moya umkhweli supersonic).

Destabilizer kwakhona azinakusetyenziswa iindawo ihambe / ukugaleleka ukubuyekeza imo emanzini, nto leyo ebangelwe ukwahluka kulo koomatshini ezisemhlabeni (beziya, ukuba beziya) okanye impumlo fuselage. Xa zeenkqubo moya subsonic destabilizer siyifumana embindini fuselage okanye efakwe kwi umsebenzi vane umoya (ngokukhululekileyo otyekele nomfula).