Iiyunithi kweediliya; kuluhlu. units ubude evumile

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ngayo amagama obugcisa asetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubude, umthamo, ubunzima. Iinqobo zezi eziphathekayo ichazwa ngokucacileyo units olufakwe. Ngaphambi kokufika lwemigangatho ezilawulwa ukumisela ubungakanani bezinto okanye ukude iyunithi samandulo ulinganiso.

indaba

Abantu kule nkqubo yobomi, emkhosini, kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo kangangexesha elide kwafuneka ukuba ukujonga ubungakanani iimpahla exchange, ukubala indawo ibanga umhlaba phakathi imizi, sebenzisa imilinganiselo kwishishini lokwakha. Ukuchaneka amaxabiso afunyenwe ngoncedo amanyathelo yamandulo, kwaba nzima ukuqinisekisa. Amaxabiso unit endala - ezi imigangatho luluvo, ngokoluvo yomntu mihla etyeni ngokugqithisileyo engenangqondo yayo.

Umzekelo, i-Japanese 'ihashe-yezihlangu' - ixesha apho ihashe ityekile naninomququ intsimbi yehashe; YaseSiberia "Beech" - yemali iliso babantu akukho kuphinda ukwahlula phakathi iimpondo yenkomo; "Izigaba" Greek - umgama ohanjiweyo zizihambela kwisithuba ukususela ekuqaleni ukusa ku inkangeleko ngokupheleleyo kwelanga ngaphezu kolundi; Persian "nomkhuba" - umlinganiselo ubude, leyo igqitywe ngeyure.

Imiqulu wamandulo bamchazela ngale nto na iyunithi yamandulo ulinganiso yi ookhokho bethu. Ukuze bayakumisela ukusetyenziswa ukuba bekusoloko kunye naye, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba iyunithi ngomlinganiselo. Njengoko amalungu isixhobo sokulinganisa kusetyenziswa omzimba womntu kunye neempawu zayo ebonakalayo: inyathelo, kangangesandla, engqinibeni, ngangokolulwa kweminwe, ukuba ziifatom, iinyawo, inch.

Rus yamandulo

Kuba Russia yamandulo luphawulwa amabinzana achazayo ngokuzimisela kumgama -. "Lokuphosa ilitye", "flight utolo," "umhla i uhambo" La maxabiso belenziwe kusebenza kuphela umthombo ethile, kwabenzi bezi zenzo. Zikho nezinye lweenkobe unit Russian yamandulo ubude. Field - kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-20, - wachaza Epifanii Wise. Quarter - isiqingatha hectare - akunakusetyenziswa phantsi Ivan labangcangcazelisi.

emelroloji yeMbali - isayensi lifunda iyunithi yamandulo yomlinganiselo izinto eziphathekayo. Inkqubo yamandulo yamanyathelo iyunithi yokulinganisa akuthethi kuthi iinombolo amaxabiso lokugqibela. Ezinye milinganiselo zathelekiswa omnye komnye:

• iinyawo ezisixhenxe - kulingana neemitha ezi-3,
• intshi - 4 intshi,
• engqinibeni - 2 intshi,
• iyadi - 2 uyibhekise
• verst - 500 yards.

Ukunqanda uphazamiseko, kwakukho izintlu ezizodwa, eligqala umlinganiselo sele ibhalisiwe. Noko ke, abanako kuthathwe njengomba ethile ngenxa yokuba ixesha elide komntwana kunokuba ziyahluka ubukhulu. unit Old zemilinganiselo izinto eziphathekayo beshumayela uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu, kunzima ukuyiqonda loo ndoda mihla. Yamandulo umlinganiselo nokubala - a imiphanda elinesibini (iiyunithi ezili-12), izihlandlo ezihlanu Sable amane (iziqwenga 200), ubunzima (144 elinesibini) - kule mihla angamelwa ngohlobo kwenkqubo yesiqhelo wokugqibela.

Ukudala imigangatho yomlinganiselo eRashiya

units Old eRussia ezazisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Ukuqalisa ukususela kwinkulungwane XVI Russia wazama ukumisela inkqubo amaxabiso eqhelekileyo. Kwinkulungwane XVIII ngokunxulumene nophuhliso zorhwebo lasemzini kuyimfuneko ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo amanyathelo. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo iyantlukwano kweeyunithi ekhoyo yemilinganiselo, ukudalwa inkqubo imigangatho akuyondlwan 'iyanetha. Ngo 1736 i iQumrhu Yeengwevu waseka ikomiti zemilinganiselo amanyathelo phantsi kokukhokelwa Count Golovkin, apho Kuye kwathathwa amanyathelo abangumzekelo ukuba kumiswe iprojekthi lokugqibela umgaqo amaxabiso yomlinganiselo.

Ngelo xesha, iinkozo zemali zangaphandle kunye amatye anqabileyo ubunzima phezu kungeniswa kwi ngezithethe xa bengena zobisi - ubunzima sonke ezahlukeneyo. Scale imodeli of St. Petersburg Customs, ukuya iNdlu yeeNgwevu, ukuba andiphazami isampuli reference. sathathwa Peter I umgca njengenyathelo engumzekelo ubude. amasiko Chetverik eMoscow ezichongiweyo inyathelo elinye evakalala.

Inkqubo efanayo zemilinganiselo eYurophu neRashiya

Nokuba ebudeni bolawulo uPetros inxalenye Omkhulu Russian wathabatha inkqubo metric IsiNgesi. uguquko Metrological yamkelwa ukuze uphuhliso urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye weenqanawa, ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa iinyawo, iiyadi kunye intshi esiwafumene imikhumbi. Phantsi Nicholas I umthetho yamkelwa ngo-Oktobha 1835, elathi laseka inkqubo Russian zemilinganiselo namanyathelo. Ekupheleni kuka May 1875 ngabameli Tsarist Russia wavuma ukuba i-Convention Meter. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev nikela ingqalelo kakhulu umsebenzi umthetho inkqubo metric, leyo kuphela 1917 yathatyathwa njengesibophelelo.

January 1, 1927 ziye indawo Nuremberg inkqubo weighting esetyenziswa oosokhemisti, kwinkqubo metric.

amanyathelo Samandulo intsomi kunye nemisebenzi

Kwintetho oqhelekileyo iiyunithi endala mihla indoda Russian, kwaye ukukhomba amagama abo ezisagcinwe amabinzana obekwayo lwemveli yomlomo:

• iileta emikhulu - bhala enkulu,
• genius - sisalathisi bengqondo,
• Kolomna verst - indoda ende kakhulu,
• elibhalwe ngokumileyo iinyawo ezisixhenxe kwi emagxeni - indoda yakha ngamandla,
• ukusuka embizeni intshi ezimbini - ukukhula encinane.

Le nkcazelo yamandulo zingaqondwa afumaneka kwiincwadi ezichaza iziganeko zembali kule mihobe kunye namabali.

ubude

unit yaMandulo zobude esetyenziswa eRashiya ukususela ulwamkelo Ndiwise umthetho ngo-1835 yaye ukuya ku-1917:

• finger - 2 cm,
• nokot - kancinane ngaphezulu kwe-1 sentimitha,
• intshi - malunga 4.5 iisentimitha,
• quarter - 17.8 cm,
• Engqinibeni - Ngokutsho koqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ukususela iisentimitha 38 ukuya 47,
• iyadi - 71,12 sentimitha,
• ngonyawo - malunga 30.5 iisentimitha,
• iinyawo ezisixhenxe - 2.14 yeemitha (okuhlamba kwenziwa kwi sazhen elibhalwe ngokumileyo kwiimitha -2,5 kunye flywheel - iimitha 1.76)
• 1 imayili of - leekhilomitha 1,07.

Ezinye iiyunithi amanyathelo ziye kusungulwe ookhokho bethu ukugqiba ndawo. Ezi eziphathekayo zisetyenziswa ukugqiba ubungakanani komhlaba, ukwakhiwa, isiqhazolo. Kwakhona, la manani bakhonza njengomlinganiselo ekubaleni i irhafu kulo ilizwe. Le ndawo isenzo idumileyo, amagama apho zifumaneka kweetshata yamandulo - ziikhilomitha isikwere, ikhuba, ikota, isishumi.

Iyunithi incinane samandulo ubude ezisetyenziswa kumgca sezikali mihla. Isiseko lwamaxabiso ezithathiweyo ukhozo lwengqolowa. Eli nani malunga 2.5 mm.

umthamo

unit kweediliya for granular kunye ulwelo imizimba wabiza amanyathelo isonka newayini. Emva kwinkulungwane XV, wasebenzisa golvazhnya emangalisayo (isikhongozelo ityuwa), Kulu kunye cleanings (ngenxa yengqolowa). Kuxhomekeka kwindawo eendawo ezahlukahlukeneyo Vyatskaya isonka marten, ESmolensk umphanda saptsa Perm, bast Russian ubudala Poshev.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla yaye commerce nehomere zidliwe Household Ware: boilers, neenkamba, iingqayi, neembiza, izitya, Bratina, Konovko. Umthamo lwamaxabiso ezinjalo ohlukahlukeneyo ngaphezulu uluhlu kakhulu: kwibhoyila kungaba ukusuka 20 ukuya emele poluvedra.

ubunzima

amanyathelo Rus amandulo kwakukho le nkqubo indala iiyunithi abaninzi, ngaphandle kwayo izakungenzeki uku ukulondoloza ubudlelwane zorhwebo. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Grand - 0.062 grams, iyunithi mass yemichiza.
2. Spool - 4,266 grams, njengeyunithi ubunzima wasinda de ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, wayelingana le ngqekembe eponymous.
3. An lwesibhozo - 50 grams, igama layo, lo mlinganiselo sobunzima wathabatha 1/8 ixabiso esikiti.
4. Lot - 12,797 grams, wayelingana emithathu spool.
5. Phawundi - 410 grams, ekuqaleni ngokuba ngemali yendawo. Le yunithi ezingundoqo amatyala ngemiyinge emincinci kunye yobugcisa ngobuninzi yaba 96 ye spool, oko izakusetyenziswa ukugqiba ubunzima metal anqabileyo.
6. Pud - 40 lbs, 16,38 kg. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwale umlinganiselo ubunzima ziye ibango ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-12. It watshitshiswa kuphela ngo-1924
7. Batman - 4.1 kg.
8. Berkovets - 163,8 kg, umlinganiselo elikhulu ubunzima ngenxa urhwebo lehoseyile. Bjork lisuka kwigama le siqithi. Kwaba elilingana 10 pudam. Yaziwa iimbekiselo kwesi sikali kwi charter deed kwenkulungwane XII.

amanyathelo nokulinganisa ulwimi lwasemzini

Kubomi mihla, ngenxa yenkqubo womlinganiselo zezi kilogram, imitha kunye yesibini. Ezi nqobo bayazazi kwaye zithembekile. Nakuba kunjalo, iyunithi yamandulo zemilinganiselo physics isicelo amanye amazwe ukuya ngoku.

Le nkqubo British:

1. lathi mayiyo kundithengela British - malunga 0.57 iilitha.
2. Fl oz - 30 ml.
3. Umphanda - izinto ezahlukeneyo kwahlukile insignificantly umqulu 159 neelitha. Inokuba kuba umlinganiselo imali oil wayesaziwa utywala, "French", "IsiNgesi" umphanda.
4. Eqatywe - 0.2 grams. Isetyenziswa ukufumanisa ubunzima amatye.
5. Esifanayo - 28,35 grams. Isetyenziswa ukulinganisa ubunzima amatye anqabileyo.
6. phawundi British - 0,45 kg.

amanyathelo Chinese:

1. 1 Do - 576 leemitha.
2. 1 Liang - 37.3 grams.
3. 1 Fen - 0.32 cm.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, uluntu kufuneka inkqubo yomlinganiselo omyinge ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni. Kwafuneka ukulinganisa ubunzima kunye nomthamo, ukujonga umgama, ukwazi ixesha. Ukubaluleka ngokwemilinganiso oluchanekileyo kwandiswa kunye ekuphuhliseni uluntu. New kuba umlinganiselo imilinganiselo, kodwa kaninzi uncwadi okanye kwintetho yemihla ngemihla kwabaneka amanyathelo yamandulo zisetyenziswa kubomi banamhlanje. Ulwazi lwamaxabiso yamandulo ezibonisa data metric, uvumela ukuba ukugcina imbali.