Protein-enzyme: indima iimpawu, umsebenzi enqanda iiprothini emzimbeni

Kuzo zonke iseli ephilayo kukho iseti ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Enzyme (enzyme) - iiproteni nemisebenzi ethile ebaluleke kakhulu. Ewe kuthiwa biocatalysts. Eyona Umsebenzi enqanda emzimbeni kukomeleza ngayo nemvelo. Mathiriyeli ukuqala, nto leyo catalyzed yi impefumlelwano ezi molecule ngokuba substrates, kwaye ezimbaxa wokugqibela - iimveliso.

Kwindalo, enzyme iiprotheni kusebenza kuphela eziphilayo. Kodwa biotechnology mihla, uxilongo lwezonyango, pharmaceutics namayeza wasebenzisa enzayim ndenziwe nyulu okanye kwizakhiwo zazo, kwakunye amacandelo ezongezelelweyo eziyimfuneko ukuze ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye idatha nokuthelekelela ukuba uphando.

Ukubaluleka eziphilayo kunye neempawu enqanda

Ngaphandle kwezi iimolekyuli ephilayo ayikwazanga ukusebenza ophilileyo. Zonke iinkqubo zobomi zisebenza kakuhle enkosi enzymes. Umsebenzi main enqanda iiprothini emzimbeni - ukulawulwa ukutya. Ngaphandle kwabo, akangekhe ukutya yesiqhelo. Nokulawula umsebenzi iimolekyuli kwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo activators (inducers) okanye inhibitor. Control isebenza kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo protein yokuqaphela. Kwakhona "usebenza" ngokumalunga ugqibile molecule.

Eyona engundoqo iimpawu enqanda zeproteni - Okukodwa ukuya zeendawana ethile. Kwaye, oko, ukukwazi catalyze enye kuphela okanye ngaphantsi uthotho ngayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi nkqubo ingathityazwa. Kuba nokwenziwa zombini imisebenzi abanoxanduva enye enzyme. Kodwa loo nto bonke.

Indima enqanda kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kwabo, akukho abasabela kwemichiza uthathe indawo. Xa isenzo enqanda, nezinto yinto enokwenzeka onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo ukusebenza ngaphandle kwenkcitho yamandla. Emzimbeni, akukho kungenzeka ukuba shushu ubushushu phezu 100 ° C, okanye ukusebenzisa iikhemikali ndlongondlongo ezifana lab. Protein-enzyme sibophelela ukuya zeendawana. Ngemvume modified urhulumente obophe, ilandelwe yi ngokukhululwa yokugqibela. Oku kungenxa yokuba yonke ehlanganisa zisetyenziswa yokuqaphela imichiza.

Ziziphi amanqanaba kwintlangano kwiproteni molecule-enzyme?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi molekyuli kuba tertiary (globule) okanye koqeqesho (globules eziliqela amaqhina oqhagamshelwano) isakhiwo protein. Okokuqala, ukuba kuhlelwe ngendlela yomgama. Kwaye ngoko ulisonge kungena isakhiwo oyifunayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi we-biocatalyst kufuna isakhiwo ethile.

Enzyme kwakunye nezinye proteins iginya ubushushu, imilinganiselo kakhulu pH, iikhemikali silwe.

iimpawu ezongezelelweyo enqanda

Phakathi kwezi mpawu ezi zixhobo zilandelayo:

1. Stereospecificity - ekumisweni imveliso enye kuphela.
2. Regioselectivity - phula iqhina yemichiza okanye iqela loguqulelo kwi kwindawo enye kuphela.
3. Chemoselectivity - catalysis omnye kuphela basabela.

ikakhulu

Inqanaba Okukodwa enzyme lohlukile. Nangona kunjalo, naziphi na enzyme kusoloko esebenzayo kwi zeendawana okanye iqela iikhompawundi ezifana kubume ethile. ehlanganisa Non-proteinaceous musani ukubonisa lo propati. Okukodwa kulinganiswa ukusoloko esibophelelayo (Mol / l), nto leyo ibe ukuya ku-10 ^-10 Mol / l. Sebenza enzyme swift esebenzayo. Enye molecule catalyzes amawaka-izigidi imiyalelo ngomzuzu. The degree of yokunyusa reactions kwemichiza kakhulu (1000-100,000 amaxesha) ngaphezu ehlanganisa eziqhelekileyo.

Isenzo enqanda lwakhelwe iindlela eziliqela. Intsebenziswano elula kwenzeka enye molecule ye zeendawana, kulandele uluhlu imveliso. Uninzi enzyme Unga bophelela 2-3 iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo kusabela. Umzekelo, ukugqithiselwa i-atom okanye iqela ukusuka kwenye compound ukuya kwenye, okanye endaweni kabini kwi "ping-pong". Kwezi reactions uqobo inxibelelanisa zeendawana enye, kwaye iqela lesibini esebenza kunxulunyaniswa yi enzyme.

Uphononongo lwe indlela transcriptase ukuba amanyathelo lwenzeka ngendlela:

1. Xa kukhangelwa ukuba iimveliso eliphakathi kunye lokugqibela.
2. Studies ngesakhiwo kunye nejiyometri yamaqela ezisebenzayo sibophelela ukuya zeendawana nokubonelela eliphezulu izinga reaction.
3. Kwezakhi kwi zofuzo enzyme kunye nokuzimisela yeenguqu kuyondelelaniswe kwayo umsebenzi.

Ezisebenzayo kunye site abophe

Zeendawana molecule incinane kakhulu kwiproteni yi enzyme. Ngoko ke, lo esibophelelayo kungenxa yokuba inani elincinane amaqela olusebenzayo biocatalyst. Bakha site esebenzayo, kuqulethe iseti ethile asidi acid. Xa neeproteni ezintsonkothileyo kubume yeqela zokufakelwa langoku nonprotein endalo, nto leyo nayo ibe yinxalenye iziko esebenzayo.

Kufuneka unikeze iqela elahlukileyo enqanda. Baye ke molecule iquka coenzyme ngokusisigxina yokubopha molecule kwaye ayichatshazelwa kulo. beyileke ngokupheleleyo protein enzyme ebizwa holoenzyme, yaye xa kususwa i cofactor - apoenzyme. Njengoko coenzymes kaninzi oku bekwenza iivithamini, isinyithi, avela of iziseko nitrogen (nad - dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine, isininzi - flavin adenine dinucleotide, FMN - flavin mononucleotide).

indawo Kunyanzeleke inikeza sendiselane ethile zeendawana. Ngenxa kuyo kwasekwa esitalini zeendawana-enzyme complex. isakhiwo Globule kwakhiwa khon 'ukuze abe phezu komhlaba niche (uqhoqhoqho okanye lokungahlangani) elimlinganiselo ethile elinikeza olubophelelayo zeendawana. Le ndawo kudla ibekwe kufuphi nesiza esebenzayo. Kwezinye enzyme, kukho iindawo ukuqhagamshela kunye cofactors okanye ion yesinyithi.

isiphelo

Protein-enzyme ludlala indima ebalulekileyo emzimbeni. izinto ezifana catalyze reactions yamachiza banoxanduva ukutya - ukutya. Kuyo nayiphi iseli eziphilayo kwenzeka rhoqo amakhulu iinkqubo kwemichiza ebandakanya reactions zokunciphisa, cleavage kunye Yindibanisela imichiza. Ukuqhubeka igcwala kwezinto kunye ukukhululwa elikhulu amandla. Yena, ke, ichithwa ukuyilwa iikhabhohayidrethi, iiprotheni, amafutha, kunye nezakhiwo zawo. Iimveliso cleavage zizinto zokusebenza eziyimfuneko ukuze Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi.