ISigqeba soLawulo: imisebenzi. Ukusungulwa kweNqununu yeSigqeba

Ngexesha likaPeter Omkhulu, iNtloko yeeRhulumente yavela eRashiya. Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezizayo, eli gunya likarhulumente liye laguqulelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokwemfuno yaloo mlawuli olandelayo.

Ukubonakala kweSeneti

I-senate yekarhulumente yenziwe nguPetros I njenge "ukhuselo lokukhusela" xa umlawuli ephuma kwi-capital. I-tsar yaziwa ngokuba ngumntu osebenzayo - wayesoloko esendleleni, ngenxa yokuba umatshini karhulumente ekungabikho kwakhe unokuma ngaphandle kweenyanga. Ezi ziindleko ezicacileyo ze-absolutism. Ngokuqinisekileyo uPetros wayekuphela kwendlela yokubonakalisa amandla ombuso kwiintanethi zombuso.

Kwisigqeba senkundla yaseburhulumenteni (1711) yabandakanya abahlobo abasondeleyo kunye nabancedisi be-tsar, ababenokuthembela kwakhe kwexesha elide. Phakathi kwabo nguPyotr Golitsyn, uMikhail Dolgorukov, uGrigory Volkonsky kunye namanye ahloniphekileyo.

Ukudalwa kweNqununu kaRhulumente phantsi kwePetros 1 kwenzeka ngexesha lokuba kwakungekho ukuhlukana okucacileyo kwamagunya eRashiya (okusesikweni, okulawulayo kunye nomthetho). Ngako oko, imigaqo yokubhekiselelwa kulo mzimba ihlala ishintsho ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko kunye nokufaneleka.

Ngokuqala kwakhe, uPetros wachazela ukuba i-senators ukuba kufuneka ihlawule ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo kwingxowa-mali, urhwebo kunye nenkundla. Yintoni ebalulekileyo kukuba le sikhungo ayizange ibe yinkqubo yokuchasana. Kule, iSenate yaseRussia yayiyeyona nto ehambelana ngokupheleleyo nomzimba ofanayo kunye nePoland okanye iSweden. Kulapho, isiko esinjalo sasimele imfuno ye-aristocracy, enokuphikisa imigaqo yombuso wayo.

Ukusebenzisana namaphondo

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha laso, i-Senate isebenze nemimandla eninzi. IRussia enkulu ihlala ifuna inkqubo efanelekileyo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaphondo kunye nenkunzi. Kwababukeli bePetros kwakukho inethwekhi ye-intanethi. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamanqanaba amakhulu kuzo zonke iindawo zobomi belizwe, ziye zayeka ukusebenza.

NguPeter owadala iphondo. Isihloko ngasinye solawulo sifumana ii-commissars ezimbini. La magosa asebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Senate kwaye avakalisa iimfuno zephondo e-St Petersburg. Ngoncedo lohlaziyo oluchaziwe ngasentla, umbusi wandisa ububanzi bolawulo-mali kwiPhondo.

Abathathi-mali nabatshutshisi

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukudalulwa kweNkundla yeSeti kaRhulumente ayinakuyenza ngaphandle kokusekwa kwezithuba ezintsha ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wayo. Ukuhlangana kunye nomzimba omtsha kubonakala kwezemali. La magosa babe ngabaveleli bobukhosi. Bayilawula umsebenzi wamaziko kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba yonke imiyalelo yenkosi yayisetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwingxelo yokugqibela.

Ubukho bemali bukhokelela ekuhlaseleni. Umntu onamandla anjalo angasebenzisa isikhundla sakhe kwiinjongo zemali. Ekuqaleni, bekungekho isohlwayo esilawulwayo sokugwetywa kobuxoki. Ngokubhekiselele kwinkonzo engabonakaliyo yeentlawulo kwiilwimi zesiRashiya, eli gama lafumana intsingiselo yesibini engalunganga yokuchasana nokunyelisa.

Nangona kunjalo, ukudalwa kwesi sikhundla kwakuyimilinganiselo eyimfuneko. U-Ober-fiscal (uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oyintloko) unokufuna inkcazo evela kuyo nayiphi na igosa kwi-Senate. Ndiyabulela kule meko yeendaba, wonke umntu ohloniphekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuphakama kwesimo sakhe, wayesazi ukuba ukuxhaphazwa kwakhe kwamandla kungamtshabalalisa. Imali engekho kuphela eSt. Petersburg, kodwa nakwamaphondo (kwiimali zephondo).

Ngokukhawuleza, ukudalwa kwe-Senate kaRhulumente kubonise ukuba lo mzimba karhulumente awukwazi ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yeengxabano zangaphakathi phakathi kwee senen. Ngokuqhelekileyo abazange bakwazi ukuza kwiimbono ezifanayo, bangena kwimpikiswano yabo kubantu, njl. Oku kwaphazamisa umsebenzi weso sixhobo sonke. Emva koko uPetros ngo-1722 wasungula isithuba soMtshutshisi-Jikelele, owaba ngumntu oyintloko kwi-Senate. Wayekho "ibhuloho" phakathi komlawuli kunye neziko eliyinkunzi.

Ngexesha lokubethelwa kwendlu

Emva kokufa kwe-autocrate, imisebenzi ye-Senate yeGunya yaxinwa ngokukhawuleza ngokokuqala ngqa. Kwaye kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iBhunga eliPhakamileyo eliPhakamileyo liye lamiselwa , apho iziphathamandla-iintandokazi zikaCatherine noPetros II ziseshoni. Waba ngenye indlela eya kwiSenate kwaye ngokukhawuleza wathatha amandla akhe.

Emva kokufika kwakhe etroneni, u- Elizabeth Petrovna wabuyisela umyalelo omdala. I-Senate yaphinde yaba yinkampani esemthethweni yecandelo lolawulo, yayingaphantsi kwemikhosi yemikhosi yemikhosi.

Ukuguqulwa kukaCatherine II

Ngoko, yintoni imisebenzi eyenziwa yiNkulumbuso kaRhulumente, sazilungisa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uCatherine II akayithandi le ndawo. I-empress entsha yagqiba ukuguqula. Eli liziko lahlulwa ngamasebe amathandathu, elowo elo lijongene nenxalenye ethile yobomi bombuso. Lo mqathango wanceda ekuphuculeni ukucacisa amandla eSenethi.

Isebe lokuqala libandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezopolitiko yangaphakathi, okwesibini. Eyesithathu - amaphondo anesimo esikhethekileyo (i-Estonia, i-Livonia, kunye ne-Little Russia), i-fourth-military and neval issues. La maziko ayeseSt. Petersburg. Amasebe amabini aseMoscow asele ephethe inkundla kunye nemicimbi yolawulo. Nantsi imisebenzi eyabelwe kwi-Senate kaRhulumente phantsi koCatherine II.

Kwakhona, uMmpress womeleza kakhulu impembelelo yoMtshutshisi-Jikelele kumsebenzi wawo onke amasebe. Ngethuba lexesha lokubethelwa kwendlu, le ndawo yalahlekelwa yinto ebalulekileyo. UCatherine wayethanda ukugcina yonke into elawulwayo kwaye, ngoko ke, ubuyisele umyalelo wePetrine we-autocracy.

Ngethuba lokulawula okufutshane kwonyana wakhe uPawulos, iNational Senate iphinde ilahlekelwe ngamalungelo amaninzi. Umlawuli omtsha wayekrokre kakhulu. Akazange athembele abahloniphekileyo ababenomnye umthelela kwaye bazama ukufaka isandla kwinkqubo yokwenza isigqibo.

Kwi XIX yekhulu leminyaka

Njengoko bekukuphela kokuphela kobukho bayo (kwi-ntsuku ye-revolution), iNdlu yeSizwe Elawulayo yadalwa ngexesha lolawulo luka-Alexander I. Kwakuloo ndlela inkqubo yezopolitiko yombuso. Iinqaba zityhutyha, kwaye ilifa lesigxina sasebukhosini lishiya ukuba yi-lottery.

UAlexandro mhlawumbi wayeyinkosi engumongameli waseRussia owayengumntando-ntliziyo. Wafika ezandleni zombuso, esebenza kwiindlela ezingasebenzi, eza kufuneka ziguqulwe ngokukhawuleza. Utsha omtsha waqonda ukuba ukudalwa kwe-Senate kaRhulumente (unyaka ka-1711) kwaqulunqwa yiinjongo ezilungileyo, kodwa bakholelwa ukuba ngaphezu kweminyaka le mzimba yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwaye yajika yaba yinto enokuzixelisa.

Ngokukhawuleza emva kokubonakala kwakhe etroneni, u-Alexander I ngo-1801 wakhupha umyalelo, apho wacetyiswa ukuba amagosa asebenza kule sikhungo amnike iiprojekthi zakhe malunga nokuguqulwa kokusondela. Kwiinyanga eziliqela kwakukho umsebenzi osebenzayo ukuxoxa ngokuguqulwa kweSenethi. Amalungu eKomidi leTacit - abancinci abasemagunyeni, abahlobo kunye nabalingane baka-Aleksandro kwimisebenzi yakhe yokuzikhethela bathatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo.

Inkqubo yomsebenzi

Ama-senators aqeshwe ngokwabo ngumbusi. Baya kuba ngamagosa kuphela kwiiklasi zokuqala ezintathu (ngokubhekiselele kwiThebhile yeMigangatho). Iingcali, i-senator inokudibanisa isithuba sayo esikhulu kunye nomnye. Ngokomzekelo, esi sihlomelo sasiqhele ukusetyenziswa kwimeko yomkhosi.

Izigqibo ngokukhawuleza kwimiba ethile zenziwe ngaphakathi kweendonga zesebe elithile. Ngethuba elifanayo, iintlanganiso zemihla ngemihla zahlanganiswa, ziya kubakho bonke amalungu eSeti. Ummiselo owamkelwe kulo mzimba wombuso unokuphela kuphela umlawuli.

Imisebenzi

Masikhumbule ngunyaka we-Senate kaRhulumente owadalwa. Ngokuchanekileyo, ngo-1711, kwaye ukususela ngoko esi sikhungo samandla siye sabamba iqhaza kwimithetho. Ngethuba lokuguqulwa kwakhe u-Aleksandria I wakha isikhungo esikhethekileyo kule njongo-iBhunga likaRhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, i-Senate isenokuyilwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kwaye iphakamise ngokubhekiselele phezulu kuMphathiswa wezoBulungiswa, okusukela kwiXesha le-XIX kwadibanisa ne-post yangaphambili yoMshushisi-Jikelele kunye entsha.

Ngexesha elifanayo iinkonzo zafakwa kwiziko leekholeji. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho ukudideka kobudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu amatsha amagosa kunye neSeti. Amagunya awo onke amasebe ekugqibeleni anqunywe ekupheleni kolawulo lukaAlexander I.

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-Senate yayingumsebenzi wakhe noNondyebo. Kwakungamasebe ahlolisise uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kwaye wazisa abaphathi abasemagunyeni ngemali yokugqibela kunye nokungabikho kwemali. Ukongeza, i-Senate ibekwe ngaphezu kweeNkonzo ekuxazululeni iingxabano phakathi kwamasebe. Lo mzimba karhulumente ulawula urhwebo lwasekhaya, oomantyi abamiselweyo. Ama-Senators aholele umqondiso wobukhosi (kuba le yesebe ekhethekileyo yenziwe).

Ukubaluleka kweSenethi kunye nokupheliswa kwayo

UPetros ndiyifunayo isikhungo seburhulumenteni esingasimisela endaweni ethile kwinkunzi. Kulo mlawuli wanceda ekudalweni kweSeti kaRhulumente. Umhla wokuvela kweso sithuba soMtshutshisi-Jikelele (1722) ukwaqwalaselwa kwakhona njengosuku lokuzalwa kwe-Ofisi kaMshushisi kwiRashiya yanamhlanje.

Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha, imisebenzi yeSenate ishintshile. Igunya elilawulayo lamagosa lincinci, kodwa lihlala liluhlu olubalulekileyo phakathi kweekholeji ezininzi (nakwinkonzo kamva).

I-Senate ibaluleke kakhulu kwimicimbi yezobugweba. Kukho izibheno ezivela kulo lonke ilizwe. Abashushisi bezifundazwe abanganelisekanga, kunye nabalawuli, babhalela kwi-Senate. Lo myalelo wasungulwa emva kokulungiswa komthetho ka- Alexander II kwiminyaka ye-1860.

Xa amaBolshevik aqala ukulawula eRussia, yayingomnye wemithetho yokuqala yokuthintela imisebenzi ye-Senate. Lo kwakuwumyalelo kwinkundla yeNombolo 1, eyamkelwa ngoDisemba 5, 1917.