"IKommunarka" - iindawo zokudubula eMoscow

Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni yaseMoscow eKommunarka kukho indawo yokuhlala yasehlobo kaHenry Yagoda, owayengumongameli we-OGPU kunye neKomishinala yeeNkonzo zangaphakathi. Emva kokuba le ndawo yaba yindawo ekhethekileyo, apho abantu badutshulwa baza bangcwatyelwa, baxhomekeke kwixinzelelo. "IKommunarka" libala lokuqhuma elingazange lifumaneke ngaphambili, kodwa ngoku livulekile ukutyelela. Ngoku kukho imangcwaba eneenkcenkcezo ezincinci kunye neendwendwe ezinemithandazo engapheliyo ngenxa yemiphefumlo yabo bonke ababhubha ematongeni. Fumana indawo ngqo apho "iKommunarka" (uluhlu lokudubula) lukhona, ukunqula uthuli lwaba maxhoba, lunokulula. Le khilomitha yesine yomgwaqo weKaluga. Uludwe lwabasebenzi beziko luye lwahlulwa kancane kancane, kwaye uluhlu lwabaxhoba sele lupapashwe. Kwaye akubona bonke abavuselelwa emva kokufa kukaStalin.

Ngubani na apha?

Ehlabathini phantsi kwe "IQumrhu" libeka iindawo ezithunjelwayo zamalungu ePolitiki kunye nabaviwa ukuba babulungu, iiRiphabliki eziManyeneyo zeManyano zilahlekelwe ngabalobi bokuqala beKomiti ePhambili yeCPSU (B.), Apha ngamalungu eECC, Sovnarkom, VTsIK, abaninzi ababhali beekomiti zommandla, iCommin ... Kwaye kwavakala: Bubnov, Bukharin, Rykov, Rudzutak, Krestinsky, Pyatnitsky, Berzin, Kun. Akunjalo onke amagama agqwesileyo awenza uKommunarka ayilibale. Uluhlu lokudutshulwa, umfanekiso oza kuvela kwinqaku, wangcwatywa abaninzi nabaninzi.

Lapha, kunye namangcwaba aqhelekileyo (iDybenko, Kuibyshev, Kireev) kunye nomlobi (uPilnyak, u-Artem Vesyoliy, iGastev, uShakhovskoy), abahleli abakhulu be-Ogonyok, iKrasnaya Zvezda, i-Literaturnaya gaseta, iTruda balapha. Kwakhona izazinzulu ezinobulumko, iimpawu ezivelele zobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko. Abafundisi abangaphezu kwewaka nabazalwana bamaOthodoki bangcwaba iKommunarka. Uluhlu lokudubula kunye ne-dacha yabantu base-Commissar yangaphambili bayanikwa iStater Catherine.

Imfihlelo kaRhulumente

Zonke iziganeko kunye nokungcwaba kweembopheleleko zezopolitiko zazigcinwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kuphela ukhuseleko lwentetho ngokwaso lwazi ngaleyo ndlela. Nangona bonke abaqeshwa bezo ndawo babengazi oko bakugcinayo, ngabaphepheli kuphela bezinto zokukhwela izinto ezikhethekileyo babesazi into ethile, kodwa imisebenzi yabo yayingagcinwa ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwemimandla nokukhusela abangaphandle ukungena kwiziko. Apha, ngamaxesha ngamaxesha, bazisa ilizwe ukuba bathulule emigodini eyayihlala, - yile yonke ingcaciso yokuba kwakukho uluhlu lokudubula apha. "IKommunarka" kwaye nanamhla ayinikanga yonke imfihlelo yayo.

Ukuchazwa kweemfihlelo

Ngoku ikhushulwa ngokukhawuleza, i-archives ivuliwe, ubungqina bendawo abahlali bayabhalwa (nangona bangakwazi ntoni?). Ababhali beembali bafunda iincwadana zokuqhuba, eziye zagqitywa yi-FSB. Amangcwaba ngokwabo ahlolwe kwakhona: izibindi zibalwe, zilinganiselwe, zilandelelwano lweemfolothi zemithi zifumaneka. Inkqubo yocingo olubhaliweyo yenza ukuba kube lula ukuqonda ubungakanani bendawo yokudubula.

Yonke le misebenzi yaqala kuphela kwiminyaka engama-90 ekhulwini lokugqibela. Iiprojekti zikaRhulumente zaseMoscow ezixhasayo ezikhunjulwayo kwi-Kommunarka naseButovo. Nangona kunjalo, iiprojekthi azizange ziphunyezwe, kuba ummandla wonke ukususela ngo-1999 ungaphantsi kolawulo loMphathiswa WaseMoscow.

Amaphepha

Kugcinwe kuphela iindawo zokungcwaba zabemi abanyanzelisiweyo: Isibhedlele saseYauz (esikuseMoscow ), iMangcwabo yaseVagankovo, iDon Crematorium. Ngokubhekiselele kumaziko akhethekileyo "Uluhlu lokudutshulwa kweKomunarka" kunye nohla lwe-Butovo lokudubula, kukho iingxelo ezithembekileyo zokuzibonela, kunye neengxelo zengqina zanikwa umlawuli we NKVD Sadovsky ngo-1937.

Ukucwaninga ngokukhethekileyo e-Butovo kuqinisekisa isigqibo sokuqwalasela ezi ndawo njengendawo yokungcwatywa emva kokudubula. Kwangexesha elide, abahlali bendawo abazange bakrokre ukuba kufuphi nabo kwakukho uluhlu lokuqhuma lweKommunarka. I-USSR yayihlala ubomi obulinganisiweyo obuzalisekile.

Indawo ye-Elite

Uluhlu oluthatywayo lweKomununka kwaye olufanayo e-Butovo luneenkalo ezahlukileyo kwaye ngoko ke lwahluke kakhulu. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lulawulwa yiSebe le-NKVD kunye neKommunarka likhuseleko likarhulumente, into ephakathi. Oko kukuthi, "kwi-Butovo" batyhidila iintlola, ama-saboteurs kunye nabangqongquthela kwiindawo, kwaye "kwi-Kommunarka" - phezulu kweengxoxo.

Bonke bahlala eKremlin. USekela-Sihlalo weBhunga leKhomishana yabantu A. Rykov, osayine umyalelo kwikampu yeSolovki, enenjongo yakhe ekhethekileyo wonke umntu owaziyo namhlanje. I-Commissar yeMfundo A. I-Bubnov, naye wazihlukanisa ngokwakhe: wayala ukuba bahlule abazalwana noodade-abantwana baxinzelelekileyo - baze bathumele kwiinkedama eziziintandane. J. Rudzutak no-I. Unshlikht kwisigqibo seKomiti yoLawulo oluPhezulu lwaseRussia lwakhuthaza ukudalwa kweenkampu ezisenyakatho kunye neenkcukacha zazo. Konke kubo kuye kwavela. Kwaye ke bona bazinqanda uhla lwe-"Kommunarka" (kwingingqi yaseMoscow).

Ngenxa yokudubula e-Butovo, kwakukho "i-troika" kunye ne "deuces" eyaneleyo ye-NKVD okanye yamapolisa, kwaye "naseKommunarka" baqulethelwe inetyala yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-USSR, iikholeji yayo yamagosa, kwaye le nkundla ibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe. Uludwe lwabantu abafa apha, ngenxa yeyona nxalenye, banamanqaku ayenziwe ngesandla sikaStalin ngokwakhe. Uluhlu oluthunjelwayo lweKomununka kwindawo entsha eMoscow yindawo ephawulekayo, inzima, apho umoya ngokwawo ugcina intlungu yokubulawa, kwaye umhlaba unondliwa kakhulu ngegazi labo.

Izihlobo kunye nezihlobo

Uludwe lweStalin luluhlu lwamagama angama-44.5, apho ama-38,000 atyhulwa. Izintlu ezingama-383 zigcinwe ngokubhekiselele kwithuba ukususela ngoFebruwari 1937 ukuya kuOktobha 1938, ngaphezu kweStalin, kukho izityinwa zikaMlotov, iVoroshilov, i-Kaganovich, iZhdanov, i-Yezhov ne-Kosior.

Uninzi lwabantu abadweliswe kwizintlu aluzange lubekwe phantsi okanye lusetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe. Laba baphathi be-NKVD kunye nezihlobo zabasebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, uYagoda wadonsa abantu abalishumi elinesihlanu kunye naye, ababesondeleyo kwaye bengathandana kakhulu: umfazi wakhe (kunye nesalamane sikaSverdlov) I. Averbakh, odadewabo ababini, njalonjalo. Ewe, phakathi kwabo batyhidiweyo, kwakungeke kube yinto engahlelekiyo kunye nabantu abangenacala.

Villa

Indlu yendlu eyodwa yePark's Commissar Yagoda eyakhiwe ngowe-1928. Isiqingatha esisekhohlo sineendawo ezithandathu kunye nezixhenxe eziqaqambileyo kwaye zivulekile, kwaye ngasekunene kwakukho amagumbi okusebenza kunye namagumbi kubakhonzi. Musa ukuphumla kwintambo okanye kwiibhedi eze kwimikhosi apha. Le dacha yayiyinxalenye yokuhlala kwiintlanganiso kunye nomsebenzi wokufihlakeleyo, kwaye okwesibini - ukubhiyozela iintlokoma ezahlukeneyo kunye nemihla.

Phantse bonke abo bahlala ngonaphakade kwilizwe laseKommunarka bavakashela kuqala le dacha njengeendwendwe zabo ezamkelekileyo. Akutsho ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba i-revolution iyidla bonke abantwana bayo. Xa kufika iindwendwe, umkhonzi wayegcinwe ekamelweni lokugcina phantsi kwesikhiye kunye nentloko. Ukupheka kunye nabanye abanikazi bomsebenzi we-dacha bazisa nabo de bavula i-Kommunarka. Umhla wemvelaphi uthathelwa ngethuba lokuqala kwenkunzi-Septemba 2, 1937. Kwaye kwangaphambili, uYagoda ngokwakhe wabanjwa - ngoMatshi.

Idilesi kunye nokubonakala

Kukho ukungcwatywa kwamanzi kwilizwe lethu, kwaye isakhiwo esikhethekileyo iKommunarka sihluke kakhulu kubo. Apha ubuxoki babantu abakhulu-urhulumente wase-USSR kunye namaRahabliki, amalungu eKomidi Ephambili yeqela, ii-commissars zabantu kunye nabaphathiswa kunye namasekela awo, kukho abalungiseleli bamazwe angaphandle, abaphathi abaninzi beentloko, abathembekileyo, amafektri kunye namafemu, amaninzi amabutho emikhosi-ayingqungquthela malunga neengoma, kunye neefilimu Kususwe: abalawuli, ama-admirals, iingcali zempi. Abantu babe nelungelo, banomdla kwaye bahlonishwa ngabantu.

Iilesi zamaxhoba zizithetha zona. Uninzi lwabantu apha luhlala eKremlin - Bukharin, Krestinsky, Rudzutak kunye nezinye iintandokazi zabantu. I-DOPR - Indlu kaRhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba ngabantu abahlaziyi-mbumbulu endlwini yokugcinwa kwetyala ngaphambi kwetyala - kunye neStrefimovich Street. Ininzi edumileyo ukusuka ekukhanyeni kuka-Yuri Trifonov yindlu ekukhoneni, apho kwakukho ama-507 amafulethi, kwaye yabanjwa abahlali bayo abangama-787, 338 abo badutshulwa, kunye ne-164-eKommunarka. Kwaye kwakunezindlu ezilindile kwiGrovskaya, ezinye izindlu ezintle eGorky kunye namahotele axabisekileyo, apho izikhulu zahlala khona ngokusisigxina.

AmaScouts okanye iintlola?

Ukuba umntu ubulala abanye abantu, ngolunye usuku abanye abantu baya kumbulala. Ihlala iyenza. Apha, e-Kommunarka, balala ngamadiplomats, abacebisi bee-ambassy, kunye nabaxhasi bezemikhosi. Apha, zonke iinqanaba ezilishumi zeSebe leengqondi zishiye iinkokheli zazo. Bobabini abameli bee-intelligent agents apha, kunye nabaxhasi, baqanjwa ngokuthi iintlola. Njengoko uMarina Tsvetayeva wabhala encwadini yakhe eya eBeria malunga nendoda yakhe uSefron , lo ngumntu ophakamileyo umlinganiselo, uxanduva kunye nococekileyo, kwaye akazange ahlangabezane nomntu ongcono ebomini bakhe.

Nguye lowo owayengumgcini we-White Guard ngokugqithiswa ngokupheleleyo kwamandla aseSoviet, ngokukhawuleza wangena kwinkonzo yecala kwi NKVD? Kwaye kuthiwani nge-ROVS, usihlalo wayo uKutepov, owathinjwa ngu-Efron? Nguwuphi kubo ococekileyo kunye nomnikelo? Kwaye kwakukho uMninimandla uMiller, obulawe yiReiss ... Xa kwakuseParis kwaba nzima (ukukhangela amapolisa), ngo-1937 u-Efron wabuyela eSoviet Union, apho ngo-1939 wayekhankanywa ukuba asebenze kwiinkcukacha zangaphandle kwaye wabanjwa, kodwa wadutshulwa "IiCommards" kuphela ngo-1941. Kwade kufuna ubungqina. Nangona babenokukwenza ngokukhawuleza. Emva koko, wonk 'ubani uthi ngoku batshayela ngokufanayo.

Isipho kubaphathi bezokhuseleko

Mayelana nee Chekists - ngakumbi. Idatha emininzi ithi iingcali ze "iron Felix" ezazijolise kwiindawo zokudubula zeKommunarka. Idilesi yedacha yeYagoda esele igxothwe ixhomekeke-inqaku likaYehohov, owayeye wavuma noStalin. Ekuqaleni, kwakunjalo. Amangcwaba amathathu okuqala, aphethwe ngoSeptemba 2, 20, no-Oktobha 8, ayenziwa nje ngeChekist. Emva koko bayeka ukukhetha.

I-254 Chekists yawela kweli lizwe: i-People's Commissar yaseMordovia, inkokheli yonke yaseDalstroi, intloko yentolongo eSolovki, intloko ye NKVD ye-Ukraine kunye nabanye abaninzi. Amalungu amabini aseDzerzhinsky, kunye nomhlobo wakhe osondeleyo kunye nomhlobo uY. Peters, kunye noovulindlela "Uloyiko Olubomvu" uMnumzane Latsis - bonke badutshulwa eKommunarka baze bawela emiphandleni yabamba abanye.