Iinkampu Zomgxininiso zaseJamani ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic (uludwe)

UbuFascism kunye neentlondi ziza kuhlala zihlala zingenakulinganiswa. Ukususela ekungeneni kwekrele legazi lemfazwe yi-fascist eJamani phezu kwehlabathi, igazi elingenacala labantu abaninzi liye lachithwa.

Ukuzalwa kweenkampu zoxinaniso zokuqala

Ngokukhawuleza kokuba amaNazi efika eJamani, "iifemu zokufa" zokuqala zaqala ukudala. Inkampu yoxinaniso yindawo exhotywe ngamabomu ejoliswe ekugqithweni kokunyanzeliswa kunye nokugcinwa kwamabanjwa emfazwe kunye namabanjwa ezopolitiko. Leli gama lalo suku liloyiko. Iinkampu zoxinzelelo zaseJamani zazingabantu abaye bakhankanywa ukuba baxhasa inxaxheba yokulwa ne-fascist. Iinkampu zokuqala zoxinzelelo zazifumaneka ngqo kwi-Reich Reithathu. Ngokomyalelo oqhelekileyo woMongameli we-Reich kuKhuselo lwaBantu kunye noRhulumente, bonke abo babemelene neentlanga zombuso wamaNazi babanjwa ngokungapheliyo.

Kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwaqala ukulwa, amaziko anjalo ajika yaba yimishini emikhulu eyayixakeka kwaye yabhubhisa inani elikhulu labantu. Iinkampu zoxinzelelo zaseJamani ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic zazaliswa izigidi zamabanjwa: amaYuda, amaKomanisi, amaPolisi, amaGypsies, abemi baseSoviet nabanye. Phakathi kwezizathu ezininzi zokufa kwezigidi zabantu, ezi ziphambili zi:

• Ukuhleka ngonya;
• Izifo;
• Iimeko eziphosakeleyo zokuvalelwa;
• Ukudinwa;
• Umsebenzi ophezulu;
• Amava enyango.

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo enenkohlakalo

Ngaloo xesha, inani labasebenzi bamaziko ophuhliso lwaba-5 000. Iinkampu zoxinaniso eJamani ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic inezinjongo ezahlukeneyo kunye namandla. Ukusasazeka kweengcamango zobuhlanga ngo-1941 kwakhokelela ekwakhiweni kweenkampu okanye "amafektri okufa," emva koko amaYuda abulawa ngokuthe ngqo kwaye abantu bezinye "abantu abaphantsi". Iinkampu zazisungulwa kwimimandla ehlala kumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu.

Isigaba sokuqala sokuphuhliswa kwele nkqubo sibonakaliswa ukwakhiwa kweenkampu kwintsimi yaseJamani, eyayinokulingana okuphezulu. Banikezelwa umxholo wabamelene nolawulo lwamaNazi. Ngelo xesha kwakukho amabanjwa amawaka angama-26 kuwo, aqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo kwilizwe langaphandle. Nangona kwenzeka ukuba abahlanguli bomlilo babengenalo ilungelo lokuhlala kwinkampu.

Isigaba sesibini sasiye ngo-1936-1938, xa inani labantu abanjelwe likhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwafuneka indawo entsha yokuvalelwa. Ngokwakheko lwababanjwe kwakukho abantu abangenamakhaya kunye nalabo abazange bafune ukusebenza. Kwakukho uhlobo lokuhlambulula uluntu kwizinto ezingafaniyo, ezihlazisa isizwe saseJamani. Eli lixesha lokwakhiwa kweenkampu ezaziwa ngokubanzi njengeSachsenhausen kunye neBuchenwald. Kamva, amaYuda athunyelwa ekuthinjweni.

Isigaba sesithathu sokuphuhliswa kweprogram siqala phantse kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kwaye ihlala kude kube sekuqaleni kowe-1942. Inani lamabanjwa ahlala kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zaseJamani ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic iphindwe kabini ngokubonga kwiFrench, i-Poles, i-Belgium kunye nabameli bezinye iintlanga. Ngeli xesha, inani lamabanjwa aseJamani nase-Austria liphantsi kakhulu kunani lalabo abakwiinkampu ezakhiwe kwiindawo ezithatyathwe.

Ngexesha lesine kunye nesigaba sokugqibela (1942-1945), intshutshiso yamaYuda kunye namajele aseSoviet akhuliswa kakhulu. Inani lamabanjwa li malunga ne-2.5-3 yezigidi.

AmaFascists aququzelele "amafektri okufa" kunye namanye amaziko afana nokugcinwa kokuvalelwa kwimihlaba yamazwe ahlukeneyo. Indawo ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabo yayihlala kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo eJamani, uluhlu lwalo lulandelayo:

• Buchenwald;
• Halle;
• Dresden;
• Düsseldorf;
• Katbus;
• Ravensbrück;
• Shliben;
• Spremberg;
• Dachau;
• Essen.

Dachau - ikampu yokuqala

Phakathi kweyokuqala kwintsimi yaseJamani kwakukho inkampu yaseDachau, esecaleni kwidolophu encinane kufuphi noMunich. Kwakungumzekelo wendlela yokudala inkqubo yexesha elizayo lamajele aseNazi. I-Dachau yinkampu yoxinaniso eyayikhona iminyaka eyi-12. Wayekhonza inani elikhulu lamabanjwa ezopolitiko aseJamani, ama-anti-fascists, amabanjwa emfazwe, abefundisi, abazingeli bezopolitiko kunye nabasebenzi bezopolitiko abavela kumazwe onke aseYurophu.

Ngomnyaka we-1942, inkqubo equkwa neenkampu ezongezelelweyo ezingama-140 zaqala ukudala kwimimandla yasemazantsi eJamani. Bonke babeyi-"Dachau" kwaye babekho amabanjwa amawaka angama-30 asetyenziswe kwimisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Phakathi kwamabanjwa kwakuquka amakholwa anqabileyo ama-fascist, uMartin Nimöller, uGabriel V noNikolai Velimirovich.

Ngokusemthethweni, iDachau yayingenjongo yokutshabalalisa abantu. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, inani elisemthethweni labanjongo elibulewe apha li malunga nabantu abangama-41 500. Kodwa inani lenene likhulu kakhulu.

Kwakhona emva kwezi ndonga kwenziwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango olwenziwa ngabantu. Ngokukodwa, kubekho iimvavanyo ezihambelana nokufunda ngesiphumo sokuphakama emzimbeni womntu kunye nokufunda nge-malaria. Ukongeza, iibanjwa zavavanywa ngamachiza amatsha, izidakamizwa ze- hemostatic.

UDachau, inkampu yenkampu enegama elibi kakhulu, ikhululiwe ngo-Apreli 29, 1945, umkhosi we-7 Army ye-US Army Forces.

"Abasebenzi bakwenza kube lula"

Le binzana yentsimbi yensimbi, esekelwe ngaphaya komnyango omkhulu kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zamaNazi iAuschwitz, ibonakalisa ukwesabisa kunye nokubulawa kwabantu.

Ngokumalunga nokunyuka kwenani lamaPolisi abanjelweyo, kwavela isidingo sokwakha indawo entsha yokugcinwa kwazo. Ngo-1940-1941, bonke abahlali baxoshwa kwimimandla yedolophu yasePoland yaseAuschwitz kunye needolophu ezikufutshane. Le ndawo yayijoliswe ekwakheni inkampu.

Yayiquka:

• Auschwitz I;
• Auschwitz-Birkenau;
• Auschwitz-Buna (okanye iAuschwitz III).

Kwiindawo ezikuyo yonke inkampu kwakukho iindonga kunye nentambo ebheduweyo, ephantsi kombane wombane. Ummandla owenqatshelwe wawukude kakhulu ngaphandle kweenkampu waza wabizwa ngokuba "ummandla wenzalo".

Iintolongo zaziswa apha ngeetreni ezivela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Emva koko bahlulwe ngamaqela amane. Eyokuqala, equka amaYuda kwaye engafanelekanga emsebenzini, yabuyiselwa kwangoko kwigumbi legesi.

Abameli beesibini benza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kumashishini amashishini. Ngokukodwa, umsebenzi wabanjwa wawusetyenziselwa ukucocwa "iBuna Verke", eyayiqhubekile ekuveliseni uphethiloli kunye nerubhi yokwenziwa.

Ingxenye yesithathu yabafikeleli abatshintshiweyo yenziwe ngabo bazalwa ngokungahambi kakuhle. Babedlala kakhulu kunye namawele. Baye ekampini yokuxininisa "eyona nto" yokuqhuba uvavanyo olwenqabela abantu noluntu.

Iqela lesine lalinabesetyhini abakhethiweyo abakhe bakhonza njengabakhonzi kunye namakhoboka abo a-SS amadoda. Baye bahlenga izinto ezifunyenwe ezivela kubanjwa.

Inkqubo yesisombululo sokugqibela sombuzo wamaYuda

Nsuku zonke enkampini kwakukho amabanjwa angaphezu kwe-100 ahlala kwiihektare ezili-170 zomhlaba kwii-barracks ezingama-300. Ukwakhiwa kwabo kwenziwa ngamabanjwa okuqala. Iingqungquthela zazingumthi kwaye zazingekho siseko. Ebusika, lamagumbi ayabanda kakhulu, kuba babefudumala basebenzisa ii-ovens ezincinane.

I-crematoria e-Auschwitz Birkenau yayisekupheleni kweendlela zomzila. Zidibaniswe namagumbi egesi. Kulowo nalowo wafaka iifuni ezi-5. Ezinye i-crematoria zincinci kwaye zineziko lesithandathu. Bonke babesebenza phantse i-clock. Ikhefu lenziwe kuphela ukuze kucocwe izitofu zothuli lomntu kunye namafutha atshisayo. Konke oku kuthunyelwa kwintsimi esondeleyo kwaye kuthunyelwa kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo.

Igumbi ngalinye legesi lalihlala malunga nabantu abayi-2.5 000, bafa imizuzu eyi-10-15. Emva koko izidumbu zabo zahanjiswa kwindawo yokucima. Endaweni yabo sele ikulungiswe ngamanye amabanjwa.

Inani elikhulu lezidumbu azikwazanga ukuhlala zihlala kwindawo yokuhlala, ngoko ngo-1944 zitshiswa ngqo kwisitalato.

Ezinye iimbali ezivela kwimbali yaseAuschwitz

I-Auschwitz yinkampu yoxinaniso, apho imbali ibandakanya ukuthunyelwa kwamaqela angama-700 okubaleka, isiqingatha sazo siphele ngempumelelo. Kodwa nangona umntu ekwazi ukuphepha, ukubanjwa kwazo zonke izihlobo zakhe kwangoko kwenziwa. Baye bathunyelwa kwiinkampu. Iintolongo ezazihlala kunye nabo babalekele kwelinye ibhloko babulawa. Ngale ndlela, ulawulo lwenkampu yoxinaniso lwathintela iinzame zokuphepha.

Ukukhululwa kwale "fakthi yokufa" kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 27, 1945. Ulwahlulo olu-100 lwe-General Fyodor Krasavin lwahlala kwindawo yenkampu. Abantu abangama-7 500 kuphela babesaphila ngelo xesha. AmaNazi abulala okanye athatha kwiRithathu yeReich ngaphezu kwama-58,000 amabanjwa ngexesha lokubuyela kwawo.

Kuze kube ngoku, awaziwa inani elibalulekileyo lobomi ababesithatha iAuschwitz. Imiphefumlo yamaphi amabanjwa ahamba apho ukuya namhlanje? I-Auschwitz yinkampu yenkampu, imbali yayo ine-1,1-1,6 yezigidi. Waba ngumqondiso onobuhlungu wobugebengu obushushu obubhekiselele kuluntu.

Inkampu egcinwe entolongweni yabasetyhini

Inkampu enkulu yenkampu enkulu yabasetyhini eJamani yayinguRavensbrück. Yenzelwe ukugcinwa kwabantu abayi-30 000, kodwa ngexesha lokuphela kwemfazwe kwakukho amabanjwa angaphezu kwama-45. Ezi ziquka abafazi baseRashiya nabasePoland. Inani elininzi labesifazane abangamaYuda. Le nkampu yoxinaniso yabasetyhini yayingekelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba iqhube iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zamabanjwa, kodwa kwakungekho nxamnye nomgaqo-nkqubo onjalo.

Emva kokungena eRavensbrück, abafazi babesuswa kuzo zonke izinto ababenabo. Baye bagxininiswa ngokupheleleyo, bahlamba, bahlanjululwa kwaye banikwa iimpahla zokusebenza. Emva koko, amabanjwa asasazwa kwiindawo zokuhlala.

Ngaphambi kokungena kwinkampu, abesetyhini abasempilweni nabanobuchule banyuliweyo, abanye bachithwa. Abo baphileyo benza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nokwakha kunye nokuthunga ii-workshops.

Ngokusondele ekupheleni kwemfazwe, kwakhiwa indlu yokugcoba kunye negesi. Kuze kube ngoko, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ubuninzi okanye ukubulawa okunye kwafezwa. Uthuli lwabantu luthunyelwe njengesichumiso kwiinkampu zokuxininisa zamabhinqa okanye zithathelwa nje kwi-bay.

Izinto zokuhlaziswa kunye namava eRavesbruck

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlaziswa zibandakanya ukubala, ukuphanga okujikelezayo kunye nezimo zokuphila ezingenakubekezeleka. Kwakhona kubonakala ngeRavesbruck kukukho kwe-infirmary, eyenzelwe ukuqhuba iimvavanyo kubantu. Apha, amaJamani avavanya amayeza amasha, aqala ukutheleleka okanye athoxise amabanjwa. Inani lamabanjwa liye lancipha ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuhlanjululwa ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ukhetho, ngexesha apho bonke abafazi abalahlekelwa ithuba lokusebenza okanye babonakale bebukeka bebuhlungu babulawa.

Ngexesha lokukhululwa kwakukho abantu abangama-5 000 ekampini. Amabanjwa aseleyo abulawe okanye athathwe kwezinye iinkampu zoxinzelelo zaseJamani. Amava ekugqibeleni abotshwa bavalelwa ngo-Epreli 1945.

Inkampu yoxinaniso eSalaspils

Okokuqala, inkampu yoxinzelelo yaseSalaspils yenziwa ukuze kugcinwe amaYuda kuwo. Baziswa apho bevela eLatvia nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Umsebenzi wokuqala wokwakha wenziwa ngamabanjwa aseSoviet asemfazweni, awayekuse-stalag-350, eseduze.

Ekubeni amaNazi aphantse atshabalalisa onke amaYuda kwintsimi yaseLatvia ngexesha lokwakha, inkampu yayingenakunikwa. Ngaloo meko, ngoMeyi 1942 kwisakhiwo esingenalutho iSalaspils yenziwe entolongweni. Kwakuqulethe bonke abo baphumelela kwinkonzo yabasebenzi, babenomdla kunye ne-Soviet amandla kunye nabanye abachasene nolawulo lukaHitler. Apha abantu bathunyelwa ukuba bafe ukufa okubuhlungu. Inkampu yayingekho njengamanye amaziko afanayo. Kwakungabikho amagumbi egesi, akukho ndawo yokucima. Nangona kunjalo, malunga namawaka amabanjwa amawaka abulawe apho.

Salaspils yabantwana

Inkampu yokuThuthukiswa kweSalaspils yindawo apho abantwana baboshwa khona, ababesetyenziselwa ukuwanikela ngegazi lamajoni aseJamani awonzakeleyo. Emva kokuphumeza inkqubo yokuthatha igazi, ininzi yabathenji abaselula bafa ngokukhawuleza.

Baye bagcinwa emabhawulweni ahlukeneyo kunye nabanqatshelwe kwinkathalo encinane yokunyamekela. Kodwa kwakungeyona imeko ebandayo kunye neyobuhlungu yobomi eyaba yimbangela ebalulekileyo yokufa kwabantwana, kodwa ukuqhutywa kwezilingo ezazisetyenziswa njengezifundo zokuhlola.

Inani lamabanjwa amancinci afela eendongeni zaseSalaspils, abala ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu. Laba kuphela ngabantwana beenkampu zoxinzelelo abangazange baphendule iminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Amanye amathambo atshiswa, kwaye abanye bangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni. Ininzi yabantwana bafa ngenxa yokupompa kwegazi.

Ingxaki yabantu ababeye kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo eJamani ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic, kwakubuhlungu emva kokukhululwa. Kubonakala ngathi kusenokuba nzima! Emva kwamaziko okusebenzela amaziko amaNazi, athathwe yi-GULAG. Izalamane kunye nabantwana baxinekile, kwaye abo babesemagunyeni babecingwa ngokuba "ngabaculi". Basebenza kuphela kwimisebenzi enzima kakhulu kwaye ehlawulelwayo. Bambalwa kuphela abo baphumelele ukuphuma kubantu.

Iinkampu zoxinaniso eJamani zibubungqina bezinto ezimbi kwaye zingenakuxhomekeka.