Imbali kuphuhliso ubuchwepheshe computer

Iikhompyutha zibe yimfuneko. Zezi yonke; kumakhaya, mveliso, ii-ofisi kunye neemoto ... ngamanye amaxesha musa nokuba ucinga, kwesa kwimbali kuphuhliso zobugcisa computer elizintlontlobo kunxulumano ne osisityebi weveki zembali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Kukho izizukulwana ezine iikhompyutha.

Isizukulwana sokuqala yaba likhulu (elikhulu ngemilinganiselo namhlanje) umatshini. Ngaphandle ngokuba umsebenzi injineli German Zuse (oko kukuthi, wadala ikhompyutha yokuqala ngo-1941, kodwa imisebenzi ziye ezilahlekileyo), ongukhokho iikhompyutha namhlanje yi "Mark-1" (1943). Lo matshini efunekayo iholo enkulu yaye liqulethe 800 km kweentambo, ngaphezu 3.300 amawaka. Ukubalisa kwaye kudliwe becomputing amakhulu kilowatts umbane. Sisebenzisa ezi iikhompyutha zokubala zomkhosi.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba imbali ubuchule isizukulwana computer zange uqale i "Mark I». Umhla yayo isiqalo ezibhalwe ngowe-1946. Ke ikhompyutha iya kuba ngokusekelwe kwimibhobho cleaner elektroniki. Kuye loo ENIAC isakhiwo. Ngobukhulu ukuba phantse abe mabini, njengawokuqala, "Mark", kodwa obonisa umthamo omkhulu (ngaphezu kwewaka izihlandlo). Le moto yajika ube umdla, enamandla, ezintsha, kodwa usebenze. Ukwenza ubalo ezifunekayo iiyure eziliqela ukuze ukuphumeza iintambo ezithile utshintshayo. Le fowuni lutho, kunye nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe computer waqhubeka kunye ayilogama litsha - "nezombane 'ukuba akwazi ukusebenza ikhompyutha. computer I sizukulwana Base yayiquka capacitors, resistors kunye neetyhubhu cleaner elektroniki.

Imbali izixhobo zekhompyutha imveliso yasekhaya iqala ngo-1951, ngenxa ye SA Lebedev. Yonke le nto yaqala SECM, eyaba emva yokugqiba BESM-2. Emva kwethutyana eSoviet Union yeyona computer inamandla eYurophu iye zidalwe igama M-20, nto leyo ngokufuthi zaphuma inkqubo yabo kwaye kufuneka ukuba inkonzo abasebenzi elininzi iinjineli.

Isizukulwana yesibini iikhompyutha kwaqala wayila kunye nokusetyenziswa transistor yokuqala. Ukususela ngoko imbali lobuchwepheshe computer baqalisa ukuba babe ngesantya eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. ikhompyutha Base baba ngokusekelwe kwimiba semiconductor. Le transistor maxa wambi mane ukusebenza izibane elektroniki, indawo kunye eqolo. Kuye kwenzeke ukusebenzisa ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo. Ngowe-1965, Digital Equipment Inkampani yaqalisa compact (!) Computer, imilinganiso zazo kancinane ifriji ingasebenzi capacious. Yayibizwa ngokuba ummangaliso PDP-8 yaye ezixabisa 20 lamawaka. Idola.

Nangona eziphathwayo PDP-8, wothusa wonke umsebenzi wakhe ngexesha elifanayo Sivela uphuhliso iikhompyutha lesithathu-isizukulwana (ekupheleni kuka-1960 - iminyaka engama-70). Oku kungenxa kuphuhliso kunye nokuvavanywa wokuqala yesekethe ezidibeneyo (Yohane Killebrew 1958). Ngomhla silicon wafer ibekwe transistors kunye ukuxhumana abo. Imveliso - evela amakhulu amawaka ezigidi lwemisebenzi ngomzuzu.

Ngowe-1968 kopapasho lokuqala computer yesekethe ezihlangeneyo - IBM-360. Ngowe-1970, Intel iqala memory kwiisekethe zawo emanyanisiweyo. Zonke iindawo yokusebenza nyaka linyukile ubuncinane kabini, indawo busebenze okanye musa ukutshintsha, nokuba abe ezincinane. Oku kwanika i negalelo kuphuhliso besizukulwana sesine kweekhompyutha.

Ngowe-1970, inkampani Intel (Marsciano Edward Hoff) owakha lokuqala analogu CPU ikhompyutha enkulu. Ngowe-1970 iya lihlile phantsi kwegama Intel-4004. Xa ubungakanani-3 cm wachuma iikhompyutha ezintathu "Mark II». Uphuhliso microprocessors bahamba ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ukuba ukudala i oomatshini computing asebenzisekayo ezazisetyenziswa alinawo, ikhompyutha kunye accounting lula. Ngenxa kubantu abafana S. kunye B. Jobs Wozniak (wabaseki «Apple Computer») imbali uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe computer waqalisa ukuya ezi zixhobo kubasebenzisi elula. Ngoku abantu abaqhelekileyo ungenza ntoni ukuze bagcine indlela ngokukhawuleza ukwanda kwemveliso, iinkqubo ezintsha, yaye ngaphezulu. Ekupheleni imi--70 ukusasazeka kweekhompyutha zobuqu ifumene Sokuyekwa kakhulu phezulu. Enkosi kwi intshukumo esebenzayo kunye izakhi ambalwa yemitsalane yorhwebo beenkampani ezinkulu, a American Bill Geyts entsha recaptures ilungelo Microsoft ukuphuhlisa software ngempumelelo. iintengiselwano yimpumelelo kunye nokukhuselwa kokuqamba ngexesha software, kuquka Windows, Microsoft wenza ixesha omkhulu owaziwa kwihlabathi lobuchwepheshe IT, ukuphelisa arch-imbangi - kwinkampani Apple.

Isizukulwana sesine liphuhlisa unanamhla. Imbali kuphuhliso lobugcisa computer kuyaqhubeka. Iikhompyutha zezi ezahlukeneyo kuphela ukuba iziqhubekisi ezininzi asetyenziselwa ulwazi imphathe.