Ukraine: imbali ingenzeka. Komhlaba Ukraine: kwimbali

indawo Ukraine ukuba umiwe ngabantu sele ubuncinane iminyaka 44.000. Pontic-lweCaspian emathafeni yaba kwindawo zeziganeko zembali yeBronzi Age ebalulekileyo. Apha kukho yokufuduka kwabantu Indo yaseYurophu-. KuLwandle Black efanayo kunye lweCaspian emaqeleni abantu walawula isimo ihashe.

Kamva, kwi eCrimea kunye Dnieper wahlala AmaSkitiya amaSarmatia. Ekugqibeleni, la mazwe belimiwe yi nokuxubana. Bona waseka urhulumente aphakathi kwe Kievan Rus ', nto leyo yaphela ngenkulungwane XII. Phakathi kwenkulungwane XIV, la mazwe yangoku Ukrainian zaye olawulwa yimikhosi amathathu: Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, i-Grand Duchy of Lithuania kunye Polish yoBukumkani. Kamva, lo mmandla yahlulwa amagunya Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, uBukhosi Russian kunye Austria-iHungary.

Kwinkulungwane XX kwabakho Ukraine elizimeleyo. Imbali ukuvela lizwe iqala izama ukuyila UPR kunye ZUNR States. Emva koko kwasekwa Ukrainian SSR eSoviet Union. Ekugqibeleni, ukuzimela Ukraine, kuqinisekiswa yi-zimvo elivunywe uluntu lwehlabathi lwabhengezwa ngo-1991.

Imbali yamandulo Ukraine

ngabembi bezinto zakudala zibonisa ukuba Bamandulo Phaya wayephila kunxweme Sea wasentla Black kwasekuqaleni 43-45 leminyaka BC. ECrimea, ndafumanisa izinto ehlelo kromanoltsam. Bona yomhla we-32 iminyaka eliwaka BC.

Ekupheleni kwale Neolithic kumazwe Ukrainian apho Trypillian inkcubeko. yayina wafika kule minyaka 4500-3000 BC.

Nokufika i-Iron Age ngokusebenzisa kumathafa Northern oLwandle Omnyama wegqitha izizwe Dacian - iminyanya Romanians mihla. Ke izizwe amadlelo (Cimmerians, AmaSkitiya amaSarmatia) belimiwe ilizwe Ukraine. Imbali yezi zizwe eyaziwa hayi kuphela iziza zakudala, kodwa evela kwimithombo ebhaliweyo. Malunga AmaSkitiya akhankanywa nguHerodotus kwiincwadi zakhe. AmaGrike waliseka amakoloni zabo eCrimea kwi BC ngenkulungwane VI.

Emva koko, ngomhla kummandla Ukraine beza ngamaGoth i Huns. Oku kwenzeka kwi III-V kwiinkulungwane AD. Ngenkulungwane yesihlanu kwakukho izizwe Slavic.

Kwinkulungwane VII emaqeleni Ukrainian kukho imeko le Bulgars. Kodwa kungekudala yawa ngaphandle kwaye kwelifunekayo Khazars. Aba bantu amadlelo evela Central Asia, waseka lizwe, leyo kuquka imimandla enkulu - West Kazakhstan, neCaucasus, eCrimea, i-Don emathafeni kunye empuma Ukraine. Imbali ukuvela esimi kakuhle i Khazar Khanate ngokusondeleyo onxulumene inkqubo lokusekwa sokumiswa eMpuma nokuxubana. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba isihloko Kagan ababezizikhulu yokuqala Kievan.

Kievan Rus

Imbali Ukraine njengelizwe, ngokutsho kubaphandi abaninzi, ekuqaleni kunyaka 882. Loko Kiev yoyiswa Prince Oleg Khazars waza waba nendawo ethile indawo enkulukazi eli lizwe. Bengatshatanga babemanyene msulwa drevlyans, Ulichi, White Croats kunye nezinye izizwe Slavic. Oleg ngokwakhe, ngokutsho ingqiqo historiography lubalaseleyo kwaba elikheswa.

Kwinkulungwane XI Kievan Rus yaba likhulu kummandla imo Europe. Xa imithombo ntshona yexesha amazwe amaninzi zachongwa Ruthenia. Igama Ukraine kuqala kukhankanyiwe amaxwebhu kwinkulungwane XII. Kuthetha "buthelezi", "ilizwe".

Ngenkulungwane XVI, imaphu yokuqala Ukraine apho. Kuyo phantsi eli gama alathelwe kumazwe Kiev, Chernigov kunye Pereyaslavl.

Ukwamkelwa of Christianity, uwaphule Russia

Abalandeli bokuqala bakaKristu zibonakele eCrimea ubuncinane kwinkulungwane IV. UbuKristu baba lunqulo olusemthethweni ka Kievan Rus ngo-988, xa inyathelo Vladimira Velikogo. Umlawuli okokuqala kwexesha lemo wabhaptizwa ngumakhulu wakhe, Princess Olga.

Ebudeni bolawulo Yaroslava Mudrogo wamkelwa iseti lwemithetho, eyaziwa ngokuba "Russian Inyaniso". Yaba ixesha amandla aphezulu zezopolitiko Kievan karhulumente. Emva kokuba bafe Jaroslav ephehlayo zibe elithile elizibalula eyahlukileyo Rus, ephikisanayo omnye nomnye ubukumkani.

Vladimir Monomakh wazama ukuvuselela imo esembindini, kodwa ngenkulungwane XII Russia ekugqibeleni disintegrates. Kiev and Compostela-Volyn ubulawuli labo imimandla, apho kamva kwavela Ukraine. Imbali isahlakalo of Russia iqala kunye nokuvela isixeko Suzdal, obeyindoda iziko yezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko yamazwe Russian emntla-mpuma. Kamva, ikomkhulu le mimandla yaba eMoscow. Xa kumntla-ntshona seLizwe Polotsk yaba liziko apho uhlanga Belarusian kwasekwa.

Ngowe-1240, Kiev waye limisiwe yi-Mongols elide abalahlekileyo nayiphi na impembelelo kwezopolitiko.

Compostela-Volhynia

Imbali isenzeko likarhulumente Ukraine, ngokutsho kwezinye izazinzulu, iqala kwinkulungwane XII. Ngelo xesha, njengoko ubulawuli ukuwa emantla phantsi kwamandla anayo Golden kwi West zikarhulumente ezimbini ezizimeleyo Russian nekomkhulu yayo galich kunye Lodomir (ngoku Vladimir-Volyn). Emva unxulumano zabo wambumba Compostela-Volhynia. Xa kwincopho bamandla ayo, wawuquka Wallachia kunye Bessarabia yaye ukufikelela kwi kuLwandle Black.

Ngowe-1245, uPopu Innocent IV wamisela Prince Daniil Galitsky anikwe isihloko Kumkani All Russia. Ngelo xesha ulawulo wakhokela imfazwe enzima nxamnye Mongols. Emva kokufa Daniila Galitskogo ngo-1264 yena ilandelwa ngu unyana wakhe Leo, eliphakamise capital kwisixeko saseLviv. Ngokungafaniyo noyise, baba kumda wesangqa pro-Western kwezopolitiko, wahlabela mgama basebenzisane kunye Mongols, ingakumbi, wenza umfelandawonye Nogai Khan. Kunye Tatar wakhe namahlakani Leo yahlasela iPoland. Ngowe-1280, yena woyisa Hungarians waza wathabatha inxalenye Transcarpathia.

Emva kokufa Leo waqala kwelanga Compostela-Volyn ukubusa. Ngo-1323 kule edabini kunye Mongols bazixhela abameli yokugqibela yale isebe le-Rurik. Emva koko, Volyn yaba phantsi kolawulo abathetheli Lithuanian Gedeminovichey kunye Compostela wawa phantsi kolawulo Polish Crown.

Rzeczpospolita

Emva kokuba Union of Lublin kumazwe Ruthenian yaba yinxalenye ubukumkani Poland. Ngeli xesha, imbali Ukraine njengelizwe uphazanyiswa, kodwa ngeli xesha wabumba isizwe Ukrainian. Ukuphikisana phakathi Polish amaKatolika Rusyns Orthodox, ngokuthe ngcembe neziphumo ngokohlanga.

Cossacks

Izibonda babenomdla ekuthetheleleni emideni yabo esempuma Ottoman kunye akhonze yayo. Ukuze ezi njongo, oko ifanele khulu Cossacks. Abazange abonisa kuphela iyangena khans iCrimea, kodwa inxaxheba yeemfazwe Commonwealth kunye ubukumkani eMoscow.

Phezu kwazo Cossacks Ukugqwesa Military, izidwangube Polish wala ukunika kubo ukuzimela ubuncinane ebalulekileyo, ezama endaweni ukuguqula uninzi lwabantu Ukrainian apho ke kuloo nqaba. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni iingxabano neziphithiphithi.

Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1648 kwaqalisa imfazwe yenkululeko ukhokelwa Bohdan Khmelnytsky. History of the Ukraine singene kwisigaba esitsha. Ngenxa mvukelo Hetman wesizwe ingqongwe yimikhosi amathathu: Ottoman, i-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth kunye impangele. Ithuba ukujika kwezopolitiko.

Ngowe-1654 Zaporozhye Cossacks bangena kwisivumelwano kunye tsar eMoscow. Poland wazama kwakhona ulawulo nemimandla elahlekileyo ngokusayina yesivumelwano Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim. Oku kuye kwaphumela imfazwe phakathi Commonwealth ne impangele. Yaphela ke yokusayina Andrusovo contract phantsi apho Hetman kumka eMoscow.

Phantsi kolawulo Russian uBukhosi kunye Austria-Hungary

Imbali elandelayo Ukraine, ogama mmandla yahlulwa phakathi kwamazwe amabini, waphawulwa ngokuvela ubuzwe phakathi ababhali kunye zizifundiswa.

Ngeli xesha uBukhosi Russian ekugqibeleni waphula Krymskoe Hanstvo kwaye kuthatha phezu nommandla wayo. Kwakhona kwenzeka amacandelo ezintathu ePoland. Ngenxa yoko, inkoliso amazwe, kuhlale yi Ukraine, i yingxenye Russia. Compostela ihambisa kumlawuli Austria.

Abaninzi ababhali Russian, amagcisa kunye Abalawuli lwekhulu XVIII-XIX sasivela Ukrainian. Phakathi edume - UNikolai Gogol kunye uPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Phantse zonke abakhethiweyo, ngokungafaniyo eRashiya, kwaba eseGalicia ukusuka Austrians nezibonda, kwaye Ruthenians baba kakhulu abalimi.

imvuselelo kazwelonke

Kwinkulungwane XIX eMpuma Yurophu waqalisa inkqubo yokuvuselelwa yenkcubeko bezizwana phantsi kwamandla emikhulu - Austria, Russian kunye Ottoman. Andifuni ukuhlala bucala kwezi ntsingiselo kunye Ukraine. Imbali ukuvela intshukumo inkululeko yesizwe iqala ngo-1846 kunye ekusekweni St. Cyril kunye Methodius Brotherhood. Ilungu lalo mbutho kuquka mbongi Taras Shevchenko. Kamva, iqela zentlalo-wedemokhrasi mbuso, pro-ukuzimela zamazwe Ukrainian.

Malunga nelo xesha, ngowe-1848, eLviv waqalisa umsebenzi walo "Ephakamileyo Ruthenian IBhunga" - umbutho wokuqala zopolitiko Western Ukraine. Nangona balawulwayo Russophile kunye mazwi pro-Russian kwi nezazi Galician.

Ngoko ke, imbali Ukraine e imida yayo langoku luqala ngokuzalwa amaqela utsaleleka kuzwelonke phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Bakha ngcinga lwemo elimanyeneyo elizayo.

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye ukuwa emphaya

Eyaqala ngo-1914, imfazwe iye yakhokelela kukuwa ukumkani enkulu eYurophu. Izizwe kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi wahlala phantsi kolawulo emphaya ezinamandla, wafumana ithuba ukujonga isiphelo sabo.

November 20, 1917 Ukrainian Abantu Republic yasekwa. A January 25, 1918 ukuba ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo ezivela eRussia. Kamva, ahlukana uBukhosi Austria-Hungarian. Ngenxa yoko, Novemba 13, 1918 West Ukrainian Abantu Republic enziwe. January 22, 1919 yabamba Ukuhlangana i UPR kunye ZUNR. Noko ke, imbali elivela imo Ukraine kude epheleleyo. Amandla elitsha phakathi civil kwaye ke imfazwe yiSoviet-Polish, yaye ngenxa yoko waphulukana inkululeko yawo.

imthetho

Ngowe-1922 ukuba wadala Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye ye-USSR. Ekubeni intshayelelo naphambi yiSoviet Union iwa, oko ubekwa kwindawo yesibini phakathi republic ngamandla kwezoqoqosho kunye nempembelelo kwezopolitiko.

Imephu of Ukraine kweli xesha litshintshiwe izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngowe-1939 yena wabuyela Compostela kunye Volyn. Ngowe-1940 - phambi kokuba ezinye iindawo yeharim eRomania, yaye ngo-1945 - Transcarpathia. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1954 e-Ukraine ukuba lathathwa eCrimea. Kwelinye icala, Shahtinskii kunye baseTaganrog izithili ziye yatshintshelwa 1924 eRashiya, yaye ngo-1940 i-Moldavian SSR wemka Transdniestria.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II Ukrainian SSR waba ngomnye lamazwe okuqala UN. Ngokutsho iziphumo 1989 ubalo, abemi kwiriphabliki yaba kubantu abamalunga nezigidi 52.

ukuzimela

Ngenxa ngokuwa yiSoviet Union ngowe-1991, Ukraine yaba geqe. Oku kwakhokelwa ngokuvela abavakalelwa ngayo izwe. January 21, 1990, ezingamakhulu amathathu amawaka Ukraine waququzelela abantu abangamawaka ukusuka eKiev ukuya eLviv yokuxhasa geqe. Bathi amaqela ezisekelwe kunye nezikhundla yesizwe-izwe. Ukraine yaba ulandela ngokusemthethweni USSR kunye People Ukrainian Republic. Urhulumente UNR elubhacweni transferred ngokusesikweni amagunya akhe ngumongameli wokuqala Z Kravchuk.

Njengoko ubona, imbali Ukraine ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kuye kwagcwaliswa uloyiso, ukoyiswa nanto, nezibangelwa amabali ezindilekileyo, ezoyikekayo nezinomtsalane.