Imbali yamanani kunye nenkqubo yeenombolo, inkqubo ngokokuma (ngokufutshane)

Imbali yamanani kunye nenkqubo inani zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo manani, kwaye yindlela zokurekhodisha liyinto ezinjengezo amanani. Esi sihloko ayisebenzi kuphela entsimini zemathematika, ngenxa yokuba yonke le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko abantu bakhe njengeqela. Ngenxa yokuba xa uqonda imbali amanani kunye neenkqubo nenombolo, ngokufutshane ichukumisa phezu iinkalo ezininzi kwimbali kwempucuko wamdalayo kubo. Systems ukuba yahlulwe nonpositional ngokokuma kunye exutyiweyo. Ukusuka alternation yabo yonke ibali yamanani kunye neenkqubo nenombolo. inkqubo yokumisa - into yokuba ixabiso luchazwa ngegama yesi yokumbulo inani le, kuxhomekeka kwindawo yayo. Xa iinkqubo nepozitsionnyh, ngokulandelelana, akukho ukuxhomekeka enjalo. Uluntu wadala kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Uphononongo kweenkqubo inani lezikolo

Namhlanje lesson "Imbali yamanani kunye neenkqubo inani 'iya kubanjelwa kwibakala 9 kule khosi kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ixabiso layo - ukufunda ukuba aguqulele amanani ukusuka kwinkqubo inomboro ukuya kwenye (ingakumbi ukusuka wokugqibela Binary). Noko ke, imbali amanani kunye neenkqubo inani yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali ngokubanzi yaye zincedisana kwakhona ndaba kwikharityhulam yesikolo. Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuphucula namhlanje bakhuthaza ukuba indlela ezahlukeneyo. Njengenxalenye yale khosi jikelele yembali, umgaqo, oko ifundwe kuphela imbali yophuhliso loqoqosho, iintshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, iibhodi kunye neemfazwe, kodwa ubukhulu omncinane imbali yamanani kunye neenkqubo nenombolo. 9 ngethuba yeklasi ikhompyutha kulo mzekelo kungaba ngokwamanani inguqulelo ukusuka kwinkqubo enye ukuya kwenye kwinkqubo ukunika inani elikhulu imizekelo ukusuka indaba ngaphambili. Kodwa le mizekelo hayi ngaphandle yimincili, njengoko ziya kuboniswa ngezantsi.

Ukuvela kweenkqubo zamanani

Kunzima ukutsho nini, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba abantu bafunda ukuba ukubala (kanye njengokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukufumana nini futhi, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ulwimi kwaqala ngayo). Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zonke impucuko yamandulo aye inkqubo yabo akhawunti kuphela, ngoko ke, imbali amanani ngokuchanekileyo ngokwendlela yokunombola intsukaphi dotsivilizatsionnoe xesha. Stones kunye amathambo bengenako kusixelela oko kwenzekayo engqondweni yomntu, kunye nemithombo ebhaliweyo abazange bade wadala. Mhlawumbi bill kufuneka umntu kwicandelo imveliso, okanye kakhulu kamva, ngexesha revolution Neolithic, oko kukuthi, utshintsho kwezolimo, kuba kwicandelo le ngamaqhinga yasendle. Naziphi mbono ngalo mbandela kuya kuba angamanga ngokulinganayo. Kodwa abanye nokucingela zisenako kungenziwa ngokufundisisa imbali iilwimi ezahlukeneyo.

Khondo kwenkqubo inani wamandulo

Enengqondo Inkqubo Ukubala yokuqala - kokuphikisa ingqiqo ka "enye" - ". Kakhulu" Kuba kusengqiqweni ukuba ukuba ngolwimi mihla Russian, kukho isinye kuphela nesininzi. Kodwa ngeelwimi ezininzi yamandulo yayidume ezimbini ukubhekisela izinto ezimbini. Oku yayikhona iilwimi zokuqala zaseYurophu Indo-, kuquka Russian yamandulo. Ngoko ke, imbali amanani kunye nenkqubo inani lwaqala ukwahlulwa ingqiqo ka "omnye", "ezimbini", "abaninzi". Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo inani eneenkcukacha sele ziphuhlisiwe kwinqanaba le kwempucuko kakhulu eyaziwa kuthi.

amanani irekhodi eMesopotamiya

Thina asetyenziswa kwinkqubo inani lokugqibela. Oku kuyaqondakala: ezandleni neminwe-10. Noko ke, imbali ingenzeka zamanani kunye nenkqubo inani kuphunyeziwe kwisigaba enzima. inkqubo iinombolo eMesopotamiya - sexagesimal. Ngenxa yokuba kude kangaka iyure nemizuzu engama-60, yaye umzuzu - imizuzwana 60. Ngenxa yokuba unyaka wahlulwe inani leenyanga, kukho ezininzi ka-60, kwaye umhla wohlulwe inani elifanayo leeyure. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba lelanga, oko kukuthi, bonke omnye wabo 1/12 emini (e-Iraq namhlanje, ubude balo ayikho ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu). Kuphela kakhulu kamva waqalisa ukujonga ixesha yeyure ayikho ilanga, kwaye kananjalo wongezelela iiyure ezili-12 ebusuku.

Loo nto inika umdla amanqaku ukurekhodwa kwenkqubo sexagesimal, ukuba yinto lokugqibela - kwakukho iimpawu ezimbini kuphela (ukubhekisela omnye ezilishumi, hayi ezintandathu okanye mathandathu, ezizezi ezilishumi), amanani zifunyenwe ngokuhlanganisa le miqondiso. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba kwakunzima kangakanani ukubhala phantsi naziphi amanani amakhulu ngale ndlela.

Inkqubo yamandulo Inombolo Egyptian

Kwaye ibali amanani kwinkqubo inani lokugqibela, kunye nokusebenzisa ii icon ezininzi ukubonisa amanani kwaqala ngamaYiputa amandulo. Bahlanganisa abalinganiswa, nto leyo ithetha mnye, ikhulu, omnye lamawaka, ishumi lamawaka, anamakhulu lamawaka, yezigidi ezilishumi yezigidi, nto leyo ebonisa inani oyifunayo. Loo nkqubo elula kakhulu ngaphezu eMesopotamiya, apho kusetyenziswa amanani amabini kuphela. Kodwa Waye umda izicacele: kwaba nzima ukuba kurekhodwe inani, kakhulu ngaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi. Nangona kunjalo, lo impucuko yamandulo zaseYiputa, njengezininzi ephucuke zamandulo, amanani abanjalo nazo.

oonobumba Hellenic ngokwe izibalo

Imbali bulumko yaseYurophu, inzululwazi, ingcinga kwezopolitiko, kwaye ubukhulu becala iqala Ancient Hellas ( "Hellas" - noziqulathe, oko Kukhethwa ukuba "Greece 'yasungulwa ngamaRoma). Developed kule impucuko baba ulwazi. Inani kwanamaGrike babhala iileta. Oonobumba ngamnye ngamnye inani ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-9, zonke elishumi ukususela ku-10 ukuya 90 ekhulwini ukusuka 100 ukuya 900. kuphela iwaka abatyunjwe unobumba efanayo njengoko unit, kodwa umqondiso eyahlukileyo ecaleni kwe leta. Inkqubo kuvumela amanani ezinkulu ingabonisa mibhalo nje elingephi.

ngokwendlela yokunombola lenqaba njengoko ezihlangwini i Hellenic

kuba Imbali yamanani kunye neenkqubo inombolo akaphelelanga ngaphandle amagama ambalwa malunga ookhokho bethu. IsiCyrillic, njengoko siyazi, ukuba sisekelwe phezu oonobumba Hellenic, yaye ngenxa yoko amanani Slavic nokurekhodisha nayo isekelwe lamaGrike. Apha kwakhona, oonobumba ngamnye amele inani ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-9, ngamnye ishumi 10 ukuya 90 kunye ngamnye elinamanci ukusuka 100 ukuya 900. oonobumba abanga Hellenic kusetyenziswa kuphela kunye Cyrillic, okanye Glagolitsa. Kwabakho i phawu umdla: nangona isibakala sokuba iitekisi Hellenic ngelo xesha, yaye Slavic ukususela ekuqaleni ebhaliweyo evela kwimbali yabo ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, amanani Slavic zaye zabhalwa ngokungathi ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, oko kukuthi, oonobumba ukukhomba amashumi ibekwe ngasekunene oonobumba kokunyulwa unit, iileta esibonisa amakhulu iileta ngasekunene yophawulo amashumi njalo njalo. d.

lula yokugcina

izazinzulu Hellenic ziye zafikelela phezulu kakhulu. AmaRoma zange ndirhoxe izifundo zabo. Umzekelo, ngokwendlela ubungqina, Aristarh Samossky kwiinkulungwane 18 phambi Copernicus yaqulunqa heliocentric inkqubo yehlabathi. Kuzo zonke ezi zibalwa ngendlela entsonkothileyo izazinzulu Hellenic wanceda inkqubo yawo lokubhala.

Kodwa abantu abaqhelekileyo, ezifana abarhwebi, inkqubo kudla ngokuba nzima kakhulu: ukuyisebenzisa kuyo, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukukhumbula amaxabiso lwamanani iileta-27 (kunokuba amaxabiso lwamanani abalinganiswa 10 ezifundisa abafundi advanced). Ngenxa yokuba kukho inkqubo lula ebizwa imbala (Attica - ummandla Greece, ngaxesha lithile kwakukho nenkokeli kummandla ngokubanzi, ingakumbi urhwebo lwaselwandle kule ngingqi, njengoko ikomkhulu zaseAttica baba Athens odumileyo). Kule nkqubo, oonobumba ngamnye ziye okhethwe kuphela amanani omnye, ezintlanu, ishumi, ikhulu, iwaka neshumi lamawaka. A elipheleleyo loonobumba ezintandathu - ukuba lula kakhulu ukuba ukukhumbula yaye entsonkothileyo kakhulu izibalo abarhwebi nangoku zaveliswa.

amanani roman

Kunye nenkqubo amanani, kunye nembali amanani amaRoma amandulo, yaye ziyindlela imbali inzululwazi phambili kwembali zawo. Njengoko sathathwa inkqubo basis ATTIC, nje oonobumba Hellenic endaweni Latin saza songeza nolwabiwo eyahlukileyo amahlanu, anamakhulu mahlanu. Kule izibalo ezintsonkothileyo azibhala bakhe izazinzulu baqhubeka ukuvelisa iirekhodi kwenkqubo Hellenic ngoonobumba 27 (kwaye zikholisa ukwenza azibhala abhalwe Hellenic).

amanani aseRoma nokurekhodisha ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba bagqibelele kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, kuya kuba kakhulu isintu ngaphezu Russian endala. Kodwa ngokwembali, nangoku uphila belingana Arabic (ebizwa ngokuba yi-) amanani. Yaye khumbula le nkqubo enye, akukho mfuneko ukuba ayeke ukusebenzisa kuyo. Ingakumbi, le nto badla luchazwa ngegama Arabic amanani amanani ukhadinali, namaRoma - ngokulandelelana.

Greater Indian kwasungulwa yamandulo

Amanani esiwasebenzisa namhlanje, ekuqaleni wabonakala India. Akwaziwa xa ibali zamanani kunye nenkqubo inani lo sotshintsho ephawulekayo, kodwa, mhlawumbi, hayi emva kwenkulungwane V emva uKristu. akulula wagxininisa ukuba oko amaIndiya iphuhlise ingqikelelo zero. Lo mba yaziwe zezibalo kunye nezinye izizwe, kodwa ngenene nje inkqubo wavumela amaNdiya sizidibanise ngokupheleleyo ubhalo zemathematika, yaye ngenxa yoko kubalo.

Ukusasazwa inkqubo Indiya lingu on Earth

Yezizathu kwinkulungwane IX Indian amanani waboleka Arabhu. Nangona baseYurophu agxibhe ilifa yamandulo, kwaye kwezinye iingingqi ngexesha elinye wayitshabalalisa nkqu ngabom njengendlela Arabhu yobuhedeni impumelelo ezigcine yamaGrike amandulo namaRoma. Ukususela kwasekuqaleni loyiso waba iinguqulelo emveliso eshushu ababhali amandulo Arabic. Ikakhulu nawakhe izazinzulu Arab baseYurophu aphakathi ndilibuyise ilifa iinkcuba yamandulo. Kunye beza ezi azibhala kunye namanani Indiya, nto leyo eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba Arab eYurophu. Bathe ngoko nangoko kwamkelwa, kuba abantu abaninzi aba ngaphantsi icace ngaphezu baseRoma. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha lula izibalo usebenzisa ezi umqondiso koyisa ngokungazi. Ubunkokheli kwamazwe aseYurophu ngokwemveliso kwakhokelela ekubeni neenyumerali ekuthiwa-Arabic saa kwihlabathi yaye ngoku zingasetyenziswa jikelele.

inkqubo Binary yesi iikhompyutha mihla

Nokufika iikhompyutha ngcembe wajika ebonakalayo iindawo ezininzi nobuchule. Ngaba Akukho imbali Ngaphandle amanani kunye neenkqubo nenombolo. Iifoto ye computer wokuqala ufana kangako isixhobo mihla, icilikishe ufunda eli nqaku, kodwa umsebenzi bobabini isekelwe phezu binary ngobhalo, ikhowudi equlathe kuphela amaqanda kunye nabo. kunjalo ihlala akumangalisi ukuba babe nolwazi eziqhelekileyo apho kuhlanganiswe oonobumba nje ezimbini (eneneni umqondiso okanye ukungabikho kwayo) unako ukuvelisa izibalo entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo (ukuba inkqubo ahambelanayo) ukuguqulela inani kwinkqubo inani lokugqibela ukuba amanani e yokubini, hexadecimal, shestidesyatishestirichnoy kunye nezinye inkqubo. Yaye ngoncedo onjalo code yokubini kwikhusi baboniswa eli nqaku, nto leyo ebonakalisa imbali yamanani kunye nenkqubo inani for neempucuko ezahlukeneyo kwimbali.