Inkqubo yehlabathi ka uCopernicus. Kakuhle eli inkqubo heliocentric zehlabathi. Ptolemaic

EYurophu ngamaXesha Aphakathi okuqala alawulwa inkqubo yehlabathi, ngokusekelwe iitekisi zeBhayibhile. Emva kwethutyana, yena waye indawo dogmatized Aristotelianism ondululwe lilo nguPtolemy inkqubo geocentric 's. Ngokusekelwe uphosa data ukuthandabuza zakutshanje Imigqaliselo ngeenkwenkwezi ngcembe amaninzi indlela yembali. Kwaya ngakumbi ziyacaca isiphithiphithi, ukuntsonkotha nokungafezeki kwenkqubo Ptolemaic. amalinge amaninzi yenziwa ukwandisa ekuchanekeni, nangona nzima kuphela. Emva kwenkulungwane ye-13, Alfonso X, ukumkani Castile, wathi xa uthe wafumana ithuba ukunika icebiso likaThixo xa kudalwa ihlabathi, ke mna ndikucebisa ukuba naye lula.

inkqubo Heliocentric zomhlaba wacebisa ukuba uCopernicus. Yaba revolution ngokwenene ngeenkwenkwezi. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uya uqhelane kunye Copernicus kunye negalelo lakhe kwinzululwazi. Kodwa kuqala siza uthethe kwakunikelwa kuye nguPtolemy.

inkqubo Ptolemaic yehlabathi nezingeloncedo yayo

siphu- ezisekiweyo inkqubo Copernican akukwazeki ukuba kufumaneke iingqikelelo ezichanekileyo. Ukongeza, wahlupheka unsystematic, ukunqongophala ingqibelelo, umanyano lwangaphakathi. inkqubo yehlabathi kwePtolemy (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa ngasentla) kuquka ukufundisa emhlabeni nganye zodwa, ahlulwe kwabanye. umzimba nganye yasezulwini, njengoko ibangwe sisazinzulu, yaba imithetho yalo isindululo kunye nenkqubo epicyclic. Intshukumo iiplanethi kwinkqubo geocentric ichazwa linani ozimeleyo kwaye ilingana iimodeli zemathematika. theory Geocentric, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, abazange babe kule nkqubo, kuba inkqubo langa (okanye inkqubo-langa) ayikho into yayo. Oko kwaba kuphela malunga iintshukumo ngamnye ezenza imizimba yasezulwini.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingcamango geocentric, kwenzeka ukubala kuphela indawo elisondeleyo imizimba ezithile yasezulwini. Kodwa ukuze ubone indawo yabo esithubeni, okanye umgama oyinyaniso akwenzeki. Le misebenzi UPtolemy wacinga ezingenakunyibilika kwaphela. Le nkqubo entsha zehlabathi, heliocentric, kwabonakala kubulelwe ufakelo efuna efanayo kunye nomanyano lwangaphakathi.

Imfuneko ukuguqula le khalenda

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwavela ingcamango heliocentric ngokunxulumene nemfuneko wokuhlaziya kwikhalenda Julian. Iingongoma ezimbini eziphambili kuyo (inyanga epheleleyo kunye lasentwasahlobo) baphulukana kwebala kunye kwenzekani ngempela iziganeko ngeenkwenkwezi. Xa BC ngenkulungwane yesi-4. e. umhla kulingane kwi khalenda yawa ngoMatshi 21. Ngo-325, iBhunga laseNicaea ulungile le nombolo. Kuye isetyenziswe njengendawo yokuqala ebalulekileyo yokubala umhla we-Ista, le holide main zamaKristu. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, umhla kulingane uneentsuku-10 (Matshi 21) kwasilela emva kanye.

ikhalenda UJulian ukususela kwinkulungwane 8 wazama ukuphucula. Cathedral waseLateran eRoma (1512-17 GG.), obangelwa ingxaki khalenda kwaphawulwa. A Inani izazi abadumileyo bacelwa ukuba ukuyisombulula ngayo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho uNikolay Kopernik. Noko ke, yena wala, ngokuba ebekholwe imfundiso sesindululo yenyanga ilanga olungachanekanga ngokwaneleyo kunye phambili. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha sisiseko kwikhalenda. Noko ke, isiphakamiso, leyo yafunyanwa Copernicus, waba kuye omnye iintshukumisa umsebenzi kuphuculo theory geocentric. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, yaye inkqubo entsha ehlabathini.

Athandabuze inyaniso theory Copernican kwePtolemy

Ukuba Nicholas wayemiselwe ukwenza enye neziphithiphithi mkhulu kwimbali ngeenkwenkwezi, ilandelwe yi-revolution zesayensi yemvelo. Copernicus Uqhelene nenkqubo lukaPtolemy ngenkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha, badumisa misebenzi yakhe zemathematika. Noko ke, ISAZINZULU waqalisa ukuthandabuza inyaniso lo mbono. Amathandabuzo kwafakwa eqonda ukuba kukho ukuphikisana phakathi geocentricism.

Copernicus - mmeli Renaissance

UNikolay Kopernik-nzulu yokuqala ukujonga amava iminyaka eliwaka ekuphuhlisweni isayensi amehlo indoda kwixesha elitsha. Sithetha ngalo Renaissance. Njengommeli kunjalo kuye, uCopernicus wazibonakalisa siqinisekile, ngcungela ngqindilili. ababengaphambi kwakhe waba nesibindi ukuze ashiye umgaqo geocentric. Baye benza ekuphuculeni abo okanye ezinye iindawo ezincinane le ngcamango. inkqubo yehlabathi Copernican isekele zahlukane amawaka eminyaka yesithethe ngeenkwenkwezi. Le sazi wayefuna ngokuvisisana indalo kunye nokusebenziseka, isitshixo ingqondo ubunye iziganeko ezininzi ezibonakala abanemfundo. inkqubo yehlabathi Nikolaya Kopernika yaba sisiphumo ukufuna uMdali wakhe.

imisebenzi ezinkulu Copernicus

Imigaqo esisiseko ye-astronomi heliocentric Copernicus wabeka ngonyaka phakathi ko 1505 no 1507 ngo "izimvo Little". Ngo-1530 kokuba ebewagqibile processing theoretical component data ngeenkwenkwezi ezifunyenweyo. Noko ke, kuphela 1543 Kwathi ukuba zikhanyise enye misebenzi ibalulekileyo kwimbali ingcamango yabantu - ". Ngomhla Revolutions bezigaba waseZulwini" umsebenzi Eli phepha lizisa umbono zezibalo ukucacisa isindululo olubonakalayo entsonkothileyo i inyanga, lidane ilanga, iiplanethi ezintlanu, kwakunye lé iinkwenkwezi. Le neyabo umsebenzi obekwe ikhathalogu leenkwenkwezi. Umsebenzi ngokwawo lixhotyiswe ngee tafile zemathematika.

Kakuhle eli inkqubo heliocentric zehlabathi

UCopernicus wazibeka embindini kwehlabathi kwelanga. Wabonisa ukuba iiplanethi ukuhamba ngeenxa zonke. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho umhlaba, okokuqala ichazwa "ihamba inkwenkwezi". Ububanzi iinkwenkwezi ezifana Copernicus waziva wahlukana kwinkqubo langa umgama omkhulu. Isiphelo sazi malunga kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu eli candelo kungenxa umgaqo heliocentric. Inyaniso yokuba kuphela ngale ndlela Copernicus ukuze ukubalelana ngcamango wakhe ebonakala ukubana iinkwenkwezi. Zizo ezi iishifti kuthi ngenxa isindululo kumbukeli kunye uMhlaba.

Ukuchaneka, benolungelelwano kwinkqubo entsha

Inkqubo ecetywayo yi Nikolaem Kopernikom, waba ngqo yaye kulula inkqubo lukaPtolemy ngakumbi. Kwangoko wafumana isicelo ngokubanzi eluncedo. "Itheyibhile Prussia" wenziwa ngenxa yale nkqubo, ubude kunyaka yetropika elalibalwa ngokuchane ngakumbi. kuphuculo kudala lilindelwe le khalenda lwaqhutywa ngo-1582 - indlela entsha, Gregorian.

ukuntsonkotha ngaphantsi theory entsha, yaye ufumana okokuqala ukuchaneka enkulu ukubalwa langa iitafile ezisekelwe heliocentric Akunguye nakanye kuthetha iingenelo ephambili kwinkqubo Copernican. Ngaphezu koko, ekubaleni imfundiso yakhe kwaba lula kancinane ukuya nguPtolemy kuphela. Ngokumalunga ukuchaneka izibalo langa, oko phantse ayahlukanga kuyo, ukuba oko kuyimfuneko ukuba abale utshintsho bubonakala ixesha elide.

Ekuqaleni, lo "itafile Prussia" wanikela uvakalelo ezimbalwa kakhulu. Oku kwakungenxa, kunjalo, kungekuphela nje intshayelelo umgaqo heliocentric. Isibakala sokuba Copernicus wasebenzisa izixhobo nobunzima kakhulu zezibalo zokubala zabo. Nangona kunjalo, i "itheyibhile Prussia" Kungekudala naye wawungasiboni data ezifunyenwe ngethuba kokuma.

Ihlombe ingcamango Copernican ecetywayo ngokuthe ngcembe wanika indlela eya ukuphoxeka kuyo abo kulindeleke ukuba ukufumana i yeziphumo ezenziwayo nangoko. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, ukususela ekudalweni kwenkqubo Copernican kunye UGalileo phambi kokuvulwa izigaba Venus ngo-1616, kwakungekho bungqina ngqo ukuba iiplanethi ukuhamba ujikeleza ilanga. Ngoko ke, lo nokunyaniseka kwale nkqubo intsha iye yaqinisekiswa bakubonileyo. Yintoni na amandla oyinyaniso nomtsalane theory Copernican, nto leyo ebangele ukuba revolution yokwenene zenzululwazi zendalo?

Copernicus noAristotle kaThixo ngokuma

Njengoko yaziwa, naziphi omtsha livela ngokwesiseko endala. Kule nkalo, uCopernicus yayingekuko ngaphandle. Lowo wadala inkqubo heliocentric zehlabathi, ekwabelwana ezininzi nezibonelelo komhlaba Aristotelian. Umzekelo, indalo kwabonakala kuye indawo evaliweyo, elinganiselwe sphere ethile iinkwenkwezi ezisisigxina. Ukususela lemfundiso Aristotelian Copernicus akazange emke, yaye ngokutsho kuyo ukuhamba imizimba yasezulwini basoloko setyhula kunye iyunifomu. Copernicus malunga oku nokuba endala ngaphezu nguPtolemy. equant Last waqalisa ingqiqo akwakukhanyela ithuba ubukho sesindululo non-efanayo imizimba yasezulwini.

Eyona nzuzo Copernicus

Ngokwemfanelo Copernicus walala kuloo kukuba, ngokungafaniyo langaphambili, izame ukwenza ingcamango langa, ukuvumelana ezahlukeneyo ubhalo kunye lula. Scientist wafumanisa ukuba akukho indlela, ezihambelanayo, benolungelelwano ukunganeli olukhulu kwinkqubo ecetywayo kwePtolemy. Akuzange enobunye engundoqo siseko, nto leyo wayecacisa imithetho ezahlukeneyo isindululo imizimba yasezulwini.

Copernicus ecetywayo ukubaluleka olululo umgaqo kukuba Nicholas liqalise inkqubo elidityanisiweyo sesindululo zonke iiplanethi, wachaza iqashiso yeziphumo, isazinzulu ngaphambili abangenagama. Umzekelo, usebenzisa ingcamango isindululo ngemihla kunye nezonyaka iplanethi yethu wabacacisela lo mpawu ziphambili zale iintshukumo entsonkothileyo ngayo imizimba yasezulwini, njengoko kweziporo zikaloliwe, emi, iintshukumo ngasemva. inkqubo Copernican eye wavumela ukuba ukuqonda isizathu sokuba kukho isindululo diurnal esibhakabhakeni. Ukususela ngoku, sisaqhubeka langa eshukumayo uchazelwa kukuba i-Earth nendawo eyayisaya kuba ilanga kunye umjikelezo konyaka omnye.

Utyeshelo lomqathango ukususela yesiko zesikolo

Imfundiso Copernicus ichonge ukuvela iindlela ezintsha zolwazi endalo, ngokusekelwe ngendlela yenzululwazi. Ngokutsho kwizithethe zesikolo, ayeba ngamalungu alo, ukuze bafunde kakuhle into, akukho mfuneko yokuba bafunde ngokweenkcukacha ecaleni sayo. Scholastics wayekholelwa ukuba ngumongo ingqondo ukwazi ukubona ngqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uCopernicus wabonisa ukuba iqondwe kuphela emva kwesifundo ngononophelo isenzeko, ukuphikisana zayo kunye nemithetho. inkqubo Heliocentric Copernicus uye waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yenzululwazi.

wenza njani ibandla nemfundiso entsha

The Catholic Church akazange ekuqaleni uqhoboshele kubaluleke kakhulu iimfundiso ecetywayo yi uCopernicus. Kodwa xa kwacaca ukuba ithoba iziseko inkolo, abalandeli bakhe baqalisa ukutshutshiswa. Kuba Ukusasazwa imfundiso Copernican ngo-1600, waza watshisa esibondeni Dzhordano Bruno, sobulumko Italian. mpikiswano Scientific phakathi abaxhasi kwePtolemy kunye Copernicus waba umzabalazo phakathi imikhosi zinkuni kunye phambili. Ekugqibeleni waphumelela yokugqibela.