Imfazwe Afrika: uluhlu oonobangela, imbali umdla facts

Ummandla kakhulu iyahlozinga kwiplanethi yethu ngokwemiqathango iimfazwe ungquzulwano ezininzi bexhobile, kakade, kwilizwekazi le-Afrika. Kuphela apha kukho ezingaphezu kwama-50 iziganeko ezinjalo, yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 kule minyaka mine idlulileyo, iimbacu 18 yezigidi ne-24 lezigidi basala bengenamakhaya. Mhlawumbi naphi na iimfazwe ehlabathini nokungqubana engaphele musa kukhokelela elikhulu-kangaka ukufa nokutshatyalaliswa.

Overview

Ancient World Imbali isixelela ukuba iimfazwe ezinkulu e-Afrika sele BC yesithathu. Baqala kunye yokumanya mazwe zaseYiputa. koFaro kamva walwa rhoqo ukuba ukwanda imeko kunye namaPalestina, neSiriya. Nakuye emithathu Punic War, eyathatha ewonke kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.

KumaXesha Aphakathi ungquzulwano negalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-nkqubo ndlongondlongo aziwa emfezekweni ubugcisa imfazwe. Afrika kuphela kwinkulungwane XIII, kuye kwabakho zoMnqamlezo ezintathu. A uluhlu olude ngxabano zomkhosi, yathotyelwa yezwekazi XIX kunye XX iinkulungwane, nje emangalisayo! Noko ke, eyona emibi yena waba lokuQala nakoLwesibini World Wars. Kuphela ngexesha elinye kuzo ezingaphezulu kwama-100 lamawaka. Man.

I-World War Lokuqala e Afrika

Izizathu leyo yakhokelela imisebenzi emkhosini mmandla kakhulu exhasayo. Njengoko usazi, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi eYurophu eqatha Germany. amazwe Entente eziphikisana ukuhlasela, wagqiba ekubeni athabathe ngoweqela amathanga akhe e-Afrika, apho urhulumente waseJamani ifumene kutshanje. La mazwe zaye ayikaqondwa akhuselwe, yaza yanikwa ukuba izithuthi British ngelo xesha kugcwele ngaselwandle, yaye bonke yonqanyulwa, ingabikho kwilizwe labo kunina. Oku kuthetha kuphela enye into - iJamani ayikwazanga ukuthumela ukusekelwa neembumbulu. Ukongeza, ezi amathanga isiJamani ingqongwe ngokupheleleyo imimandla yelo kwabachasi zabo - amazwe Entente.

Sele ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ka-1914 imikhosi French nelamaNgesi bakwazi ukufaka lithanga encinane yokuqala utshaba - Togo. Ngokubhekele phaya kwamabutho eManyeneyo e South West Africa yaba ezimbalwa lunqunyanyisiwe. Isizathu sokuba oku imvukelo Boers, leyo zicinezelwa kuphela Februwari 1915. Emva koko umkhosi woMzantsi Afrika phambili ngokukhawuleza, yaye ngoJulayi banyazelisa imikhosi yaseJamani wawabeka South-West Africa, ukuba anikezele. Kunyaka olandelayo, kwafuneka ukuba baphume Germany kunye Cameroon, apho abavikeli basaba ukuya kweli thanga ekufutshane - Spanish Guinea. Noko ke, nangona oku kwangaphambili noloyiso imikhosi eManyeneyo, amaJamani bakwazi ukuba ukumelana kakhulu e- East Afrika, apho nokulwa kulo imfazwe.

ukulwa Further

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi e-Afrika abachaphazelekayo amathanga emininzi namahlakani, njengoko amajoni aseJamani kwafuneka abhenele kwintsimi yelo ukuya British Crown. Umkhosi waseJamani kuloo ngingqi umthetho Colonel P. von Lettow-Vorbeck. Yaba nguye lowo wakhokela amajoni ekuqaleni kukaNovemba 1914, xa bekukho idabi inkulu kwisixeko Tanga (Indian Ocean). Ngeli xesha, umkhosi waseJamani waba malunga 7 lamawaka. Man. Ngokuxhaswa cruisers ezimbini, amaBritane yakwazi umhlaba elunxwemeni ethwala kweshumi-mkhosi, kodwa nangona oku, Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakwazi ukuba aphumelele loyiso ukudilika phezu yaseBritani, ebanyanzela ukuba ashiye ebhankini.

Emva koko imfazwe e-Afrika iye yaguquka yaba umzabalazo yabanqolobi. AmaJamani wahlasela iinqaba British nokujongela phantsi bakwaloliwe eKenya Rhodesia. umkhosi wakhe Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck kwakhona ngokuqesha amavolontiya avela phakathi kwabantu balapho baba uqeqesho elungileyo. Zonke wakwazi ukufumana malunga 12 lamawaka. Man.

Ngowe-1916, amanyene umkhosi enye, British, imikhosi zamakoloniyali IsiPhuthukezi kunye Belgian lasungula yosizi kwimpuma Afrika. bazama ke, abazange bakwazi ukuyoyisa umkhosi waseJamani. Nangona amandla encedisayo kuno kakhulu nemikhosi yaseJamani, uPawulos von Lettow-Vorbeck wanceda ukubamba imiba emibini: ulwazi lwemozulu kunye nesimo sendawo. Okwa abachasi bakhe ubunzima ilahleko enzima, hayi kuphela edabini, kodwa ngenxa yesi sifo. Xa kokwindla 1917, esukelwa namahlakani, Colonel P. von Lettow-Vorbeck wabonakala kunye nomkhosi wakhe kummandla ikoloni Mozambique, ephethwe ngexesha ePortugal.

Ukuphela impi

Sele ziza kugqitywa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Afrika Asia, kwakunye eYurophu, wancipha enzima. Ngu Agasti 1918 engqongwe macala onke amabutho waseJamani, uphambuke ezintethweni imikhosi eziphambili lutshaba, kwanyanzeleka ukuba kubuyela kummandla wabo. Ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, iintsalela zomkhosi lobukoloniyali Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, eliquka angekho ngaphezulu kwe-1.5 amawaka. Abantu kuMntla Rhodesia, yeharim ngelo xesha eBritani. Apha Colonel weva ngokoyiswa Germany kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba babeke phantsi izixhobo zabo. Ngokuba nesibindi ukulwa notshaba, waza ndibulisa njengeqhawe kwilizwe lakhe.

Yaphela kanjalo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Afrika, yayilingana, ngokutsho ezinye iingqikelelo, ubuncinane 100 lamawaka. Ubomi. Ngoxa lwa kwilizwekazi kwaye azikho izigqibo, kodwa baqhubeka kuyo imfazwe.

World

Njengoko yaziwa, ezinkulu-abasakhasayo imisebenzi zomkhosi ezifakwe yi ku Germany kwi-imi- 30-40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela sichaphazele kungekuphela nje kummandla Europe. Enye ezimbini kwilizwekazi sele imyekile yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Afrika, Asia nabo babandakanyekayo, nangona ngokuyinxenye, kweli dabi grand.

Ngokungafaniyo Britain, iJamani wayesele waba amathanga abo, kodwa linayo. Ukuze kusingcangcazelise uqoqosho utshaba yayo engundoqo - eNgilani, amaJamani wagqiba likwazi ukumisela ulawulo phezu North Afrika, njengokuba kuphela ngale ndlela kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuba nabanye amathanga British - India, Australia nase-New Zealand. Ukongeza, isizathu kusenokwenzeka isizathu Hitler ukoyisa kumazwe North Afrika ngakumbi ukuhlasela kwakhe Iran Iraq, apho kwakukho iidipozithi ebonakalayo yeoli, olawulwa yi eBritani.

Kwesifo impi

I-Second World War e-Afrika eyathatha iminyaka emithathu - ukususela ngoJuni 1940 ukuya kuMeyi 1943. aphikisanayo kweli dabi ezibe icala elinye, iBritani neUnited States, yaye kwelinye - eGermany Italy. Umlo engundoqo senzeka kwi ummandla waseYiputa kunye Maghreb. Impixano yaqala ayehlasela imikhosi yaseItali e-Ethiopia, apho isingele kakhulu ukukhonya zaseBritani kulo mmandla.

Ekuqaleni, eli phulo North-Afrika abangama-250 lamawaka. Wamajoni Italian, ibe kamva weza uncedo lomnye amawaka 130. Majoni amaJamani, kukho inani elikhulu lamatanki kunye pieces zokudubula. Ngenxa yoko, umkhosi encedisayo, le USA kunye UK baba 300 lamawaka. US kunye ngaphezu kwamawaka 200. Imikhosi yaseBritani.

Ezinye izenzakalo

Imfazwe e North Afrika baqalisa nesibakala sokuba ngoJuni 1940 amaBritane ndayincamisisa kuqhankqalazo ngokukhomba ngokusingisele kwimpi kaFaro Italian, ngenxa apho nangoko yalahlekelwa ezininzi amajoni ayo, lo gama i-British - hayi ngaphezulu kwe ezimakhulu mabini. Emva kwale boyisiwe, uRhulumente Italian igqibe ukunika umyalelo-mkhosi ezandleni kaMarshal Graziani kunye akukho mpazamo kunye ukhetho. Njengoko ekuqaleni ngoSeptemba 13 nyaka waqala lohlaselo, atsho yaseBritani General O'Connor umva ngenxa luncedo okubalulekileyo umdlali yakhe kwaMandla oLuntu. Emva kokuba AmaTaliyane likwazile ukufaka idolophu encinane saseYiputa Sidi Barrani, lohlaselo umiswe iinyanga ezintathu ubude.

Ngokungalindelanga Graziani ekupheleni kuka-1940, umkhosi Jikelele O'Connor kaThixo lasungula ekhubekisayo. operation Libyan yaqala ngokuhlaselwa kwenye amabutho Italian. Graziani waba ngokucacileyo ukuba ukulungele ukufumana into enjalo, ngoko akazange akwazi ukumisa ekwalile kakuhle imbangi yakhe. Advance ngokukhawuleza imikhosi British Italy ngonaphakade baphulukana ngamathanga yayo eMntla Afrika.

Le meko iye yatshintsha ebusika ka-1941, xa uncedo akhe sizana, umyalelo lukaHitler wathumela iiyunithi vehicles ka-General Rommel. Sele ku March, i imfazwe e-Afrika, unamandla ahlaziyiweyo. Joint umkhosi waseJamani kunye Italy wabangela ngesibetho esikhulu ukuziphendulela yaseBritani, batshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo omnye imikhosi vehicles utshaba.

Isiphelo World

NgoNovemba ka nyaka, amaBritane bangxamele yesibini ukuba balwe, lasungula umsebenzi codenamed "ayehla". Akwazi ukubujika ubuso Tripoletaniyu, kodwa ngoDisemba baye bayeka umkhosi Rommel kaThixo. NgoMeyi 1942, i-jikelele waseJamani wambetha ngesibetho isigqibo ukuya ukuziphendulela utshaba, kwaye amaBritane kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele nzulu eYiputa. ekhubekisayo noloyiso waze de 8 Allied nebutho uphazanyiswa Al Alamein. Ngeli xesha, nangona yonke imigudu, amaJamani akazange ukuphatha ukuba atyhudise iindlela zamaNgesi. Ngelo xesha, umphathi we-8 Army wamisela Jikelele Montgomery, abaqala ukuphuhlisa enye isicwangciso yokuhlasela, lo gama kuthathelwa ngempumelelo ukubonakalisa uhlaselo ngayo amajoni amaNazi.

Ngo-Oktobha waloo nyaka, amajoni aseBritani kubethwa enamandla kwiiyunithi zomkhosi Rommel kaThixo ababemi e Al-Alamein. Oku kubangele ukoyiswa ngokupheleleyo imikhosi emibini - eJamani Italy, ngubani kwanyanzeleka ukuba abhenele kumda Tunisian. Ukongeza, i-British weza sisebenzisa le baseMerika lawela kunxweme Afrika 8 Novemba. Rommel lenza iinzame ukumisa Amanyeneyo, kodwa ayizange iphumelele. Emva ukuba jikelele yaseJamani wabuyela kwilizwe labo.

Rommel waba mkhosi onamava, kunye nelahleko yakhe kwakuthetha into enye kuphela - imfazwe e-Afrika ayikapheli Italy kunye Germany nya. Emva koko iBritani neUnited States wamqinisa kakhulu kwizikhundla zabo kule ngingqi. Ukongeza, imikhosi kokukhululwa waziphosa ukubanjwa elandelayo Italy.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX

Ngenxa ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngxabano e-Afrika sele alukapheli. Ngabanye, neziphithiphithi, nto leyo kwamanye amazwe ziye zakhula zaba Butha ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, xa kwaqhambuka imfazwe yamakhaya Afrika ingahlala iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka. Umzekelo woku impixano intra-ngezikhali Ethiopia (1974-1991), Angola (1975-2002), Mozambique (1976-1992), Algeria kunye Sierra Leone (1991-2002), Burundi (1993-2005), Somalia (1988 ). Kule yokugqibela kula mazwe, imfazwe yamakhaya sele alukapheli okwangoku. Kwaye oku yinxalenye encinane bonke pre-ezikhoyo kuphela de kube ngomhla iingxabano langoku emkhosini kwilizwekazi le-Afrika.

Ubangelwa iingxabano ezininzi zomkhosi isekelwe kwimeko yasekuhlaleni, kwakunye nemeko zembali. Ukususela nge-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, amazwe amaninzi Afrika yafumana inkululeko, nesahlulo sesithathu kubo ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukulwa, kwaye ekulweni 90 kakade 16 ithi.

impi lwangoku

Kulo Ngenkulungwane, imeko-mali kwilizwekazi laseAfrika ayitshintshanga kangako. Kukho lusaqhubeka elikhulu-isikali lahlukene neAfrika, phantsi kwayo akusayi kubakho umbuzo nawuphi na ukwanda kwinqanaba wokhuseleko kule ngingqi. Le meko zinzima zoqoqosho kunye nokunqongophala nokoyika yezimali sibe kuphela meko.

Kukho ukuthutyeleziswa achumayo, iingalo mthethweni kunye ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, nto leyo mandundu nangakumbi imeko mthetho kangaka kunokuba nzima kule ngingqi. Ngaphezu koko, konke oku kwenzeka ngokuchasene nentsukaphi lokukhula eliphezulu kakhulu labantu, kwaye akukho mntu ezilawulwa yokufuduka.

Iinzame ukunika ungquzulwano

Ngoku kubonakala ukuba imfazwe e-Afrika obungunaphakade. Njengoko kubonisiwe, ekulondolozeni ngamazwe, ukuzama ukunqanda impixano amaninzi abaxhobileyo bagqithele lizwekazi, baba yinto engento. Umzekelo kuyenzeka ukuba ubuncinane le nto zilandelayo: abantu UN ziye inxaxheba 57 iingxabano, yaye kwiimeko ezininzi, izenzo zabo alichatshazelwa iziqu zabo.

Njengoko kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo, oko usola iyalibala ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo ye zokugcinwa kunye nokungabikho ukuqondwa meko lokwenene neziguquka ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza, imikhosi UN bambalwa kakhulu ngenani, yaye asuka lizwe ayamkela imfazwe phambi kokuba iqale ukwakha urhulumente osebenzayo.