Yuan Shikai: engobomi, iifoto. China phantsi uMongameli Yuan Shikai

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba kwinkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni eTshayina yasekwa indlu entsha zinkulu, eyathatha iintsuku 83 kuphela. Umntu owenza umsebenzi okhanyayo nguzwilakhe eqhelekileyo zomkhosi ukuba umbuso omkhulu, ekuthiwa Yuan Shikai. ngobomi bakhe izibakala ezininzi umdla, nto leyo ixabisa ukufunda.

Childhood kunye yunnosti

Elizayo Chinese nguzwilakhe Yuan Shikai wazalwa ngo-1959 kwilali Zhandzhun ibekwe Chenzhou Prefecture (Henan), kwintsapho emkhosini. Abazali bakhe abantu ngendlela abazizityebi, ngokunjalo wamnika unyana wakhe imfundo ephucukileyo zikaConfucius. Noko ke, uye ayiboniswanga unenzondelelo enkulu kwesi sifundo, kodwa awayezithanda ngokukhwel nobugcisa yemveli. Ngenxa yoko, Yuan Shikai akuphumelelanga kabini abangalupasanga uviwo yasebukhosini kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba abe lijoni, ngethemba ubuncinane ibe umsebenzi, ingakumbi phakathi kwamalungu emizalwaneni yakhe Iinkokeli ezininzi odumileyo emkhosini.

umsebenzi empini

Ekupheleni kuka-1870 Yuan Shikai wathabatha Anhui umkhosi, owawukhokelwa umphathi Li Hongzhang, nokubunjwa kwayo wathunyelwa eKorea. Apho unako ukubonisa italente yakhe ngumququzeleli othe ziye zaphawulwa. Ngenxa yoko Shikai wamiselwa mthunywa soMhlekazi yaseTshayina e Seoul, kodwa de facto kwintloko yorhulumente wengingqi, apho kunye nezinye izinto, kuye kwabangela inkxalabo eJapan. Ukuqhambuka imfazwe kwakhokelela ngokoyiswa uBukhosi Qing, leyo kwafuneka ukuba ucinge ukuba kwanokuphucula imikhosi yayo exhobileyo. Beiyang akhokele ukudaleka umkhosi entsha imodeli waseJamani sele lityunjiwe jikelele Yuan Shikai.

Emva kokufa Li Hongzhang ngo-1901 naye wafumana isithuba irhuluneli of Zhili. Oku kwalandelwa ezinye ukuqeshwa ezenziwe Dowager uKumkanikazi Cixi, leyo bayiqinisa kwisikhundla Shikai.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba zokulungisa

Ebudeni yokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20, Yuan Shikai wadlala indima ebonakalayo phantse zonke iinguqu eziqhubeka kweminquba, kuquka nokudalwa-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMfundo kunye namapolisa. Ukwazile igunya lokuba ngowe-1908, i-Dowager uKumkanikazi, aze aphawule ukufa kwakhe kusondele, wayalela ngokubulawa jikelele. Noko ke, uzwilakhe elizayo wenza ngobulumko kakhulu: kwiCEMIS onke amagunya akhe ibamba osanda kuqeshwa - a minor uMlawuli Pu Yi - waya ekuthinjweni yokuzithandela elalini yakhe.

Ukukhethwa ukuze umongameli

Ngowe-1911, kwiindawo ezininzi uphakamo anti-karhulumente lizwe kwavuka. Ukucinezela uncedo olufunekayo Yuan. Yena wabizelwa eyinkunzi wamiselwa Prime Minister. Ngeli xesha eli lizwe libe isiphithiphithi, kunye namaphondo ngakumbi nangakumbi phantsi kwegunya Republican yonke imihla. Yuan Shikai ukufumana ngokukhawuleza waza waqalisa ukuphila umdlalo kabini. Ngenxa yoko, walungiselela ukuba ukubhukuqwa yesiManchu ubukhosi, leyo wakhonza iminyaka emininzi, yaye wonyulwa umongameli wokuqala Republican China. Ngoko nangoko ingqekembe esikhethekileyo sikhutshwe. Yuan Shikai wamemezela ngunozala kwiriphabliki, kodwa kwakungenjalo. Kulo mgaqo-nkqubo akamthintelanga, ekubeni icebo lakhe ukwenza indlu entsha.

China phantsi uMongameli Yuan Shikai

Ngowe-1915, i-Republic of China Bekunjalo lomzabalazo kwamagunya abakhulu iinkokheli zezindlu bendawo ababefuna ukuba ingaxuthi isiziba enkulu. Ke Yuan Shikai, ogama biography - na ibali ekunyukeni rhoqo ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngonaphakade ezintsha kwezopolitiko, wagqiba kwelokuba abe ngumlawuli kuphela China. Ukuze wenze oku, lichithakale yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe kunye wathi yena nomongameli ubomi. Waza Shikai waqala ekudalweni uBukhosi Chinese.

Nangona injongo yakhe yaba wemisebenzi, waza wavakalisa injongo ukuphumeza uxolo nozinzo, indawo yabantu phantsi kolawulo lwakhe engaboni nangaphezu kwi Qing Dynasty. Ngenxa yoko, mna, kwimimandla Kwakhona mvukelo kwavuka.

Ukujala Chinese ifikelele kumda, xa Yuan Shikai ebizwa yaBantu iNdibano, nto leyo wamcela ukuba abe ngumlawuli nokumisela indlu entsha. Nguzwilakhe kuqala vuma wala, kodwa ke wavuma ngesisa "ukunikezela" ngokucelwa namaTshayina.

Isiphelo ngeqhudu

nje kwenzeka ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we Yuan mandundu kuphela imeko kweli lizwe. Yena babengakuthandi kakhulu phakathi Chinese, njengoko "umlawuli" entsha ngesisa ezisasaziweyo karhulumente ilizwe nezalamane zabo, wamvumela ukuba kuphanga ubuncwane, wabatshabalalisa uso. Ukongeza, uzwilakhe azama ukufumana kufutshane kwiikumkani angaphandle, kwaye bahlele ukutshata intombi yakhe ukubhukuqwa loMlawuli Pu Yi

Ukuziva abayibambe amandla lokumkani uyabhalelwa, Matshi 22, 1916 Yuan Shikai isaziso ukupheliswa ukumkani yaye kwakhona ubambe kwisikhundla sokuba ngumongameli ubomi kweli lizwe.

Nguzwilakhe wafa Juni 6, 1916 ukusuka uremia. ukufa kwakhe kuye kwafaka ilizwe kwaba sisiphithiphithi ngakumbi, bagqiba ekubeni umanyano China phantsi iKuomintang.

Elandelayo numismatics

Kule ixesha elifutshane wobukumkani bakhe, uzwilakhe likwazile ukukhulula yamaphepha kunye nomfanekiso wakhe. Ukudala izitampu ke yayalela i-Italian Luidzhi Dzhiordzhi. Kungekudala, le ngqekembe yokuqala kubalwa. Yuan Shikai kuwo baboniswa ingubo zomkhosi ngokupheleleyo ngendlela yaseYurophu. Lakhe ixabiso ubuso elingana dollar enye. Njengoko izinto ezisetyenziswa igolide, nesilivere nobhedu (Ukrainian lunee ntlobo test). Ngaphezu koko, uhlobo lokuqala imali mhlawumbi baba njengesikhumbuzo. Baye zanikezelwa kwi siseko weRiphabliki kwaye ilungiselelwe iinjongo ntetho.

Ekupheleni kuka-1914 kwafika iingqekembe zesiliva kwegazi iimvaba 1 yuan (USD), kwakunye 10, 20 no-50 jiao (cents). In Tyanztsine kubalwa njengokuba yuan 5 ngegolide. Ngomhla ngasemva ingqekembe zazibonisa nenamba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, amaTshayina nangoko elika iinkozo ezintsha' intloko elingqingqwa ", njengoko i" umlawuli "kwakuyinto ebengumfo onengxeba. iingqekembe ubunzima 1 dollar yaba 26,7-26,9 grams, ngoko iinketho yegolide priori ayabiza kakhulu.

Ke kaloku, ukuba uyazi lowo Yuan Shikai. "Dollar" (saseTshayina), ixesha kolawulo lwakhe kukho ukufumana wamkelekile ukuba kubaqokeleli. Namhlanje, Noko ke, siyazi kwiimeko ezininzi xa originals bangxamele ukuthengisa yayingabhalwanga krele.