Imigaqo yomthetho irhafu, xa ndibukisisa kakuhle, ukwakheka kubugcisa bezoqoqosho

Scientific Uhlalutyo emva komthetho werhafu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ingqalelo yamava amazwe zenzululwazi ezoqoqosho kunye nemali kwinkalo yophando. Ukuqonda irhafu njenge inkalo kubalulekile ukuba urhulumente kuye kwavula inani lamanqaku ezahlukeneyo kwindalo yawo, injongo, indlela efanelekileyo ukuqokelelwa, isiseko esisemthethweni exemption, isakhiwo kunye nemigaqo irhafu zomthetho. Ukuba Sciences koqoqosho ukufuna rhoqo imigaqo ukuba akwazi ukuphendula umbuzo: ukuqulunqa indlela imigaqo kunye nemisebenzi komthetho werhafu, kangangoko ukuqokelela ngayo irhafu, nokugcina intsalela wezemali karhulumente kunye nawabucala, nenzululwazi ukuzama ukuphendula umbuzo ukulawula imicimbi efana lo gama kugcinwe yokuvumelana umdla abucala kunye noluntu.

Ubudlelwane Social egqubayo kumazwe aseYurophu ixesha XVIII - XIX iinkulungwane. umkhuba nokubiza imali yerhafu, kakhulu ngaphambi impumelelo yenzululwazi yawona entsimini kweerhafu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ukuvela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwi-imfuneko, ubulungisa kunye nengqiqo le nkqubo yokubeka irhafu kurhulumente. Ukutyunjwa iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo ukuba kufuneka ibe yintoni na imigaqo yomthetho irhafu, kwenzeka-sikhokelo ingcamango zemali.

Noko ke, kule imeko nto ayikuthinteli isifundo eneenkcukacha imigaqo zobalo phantsi komthetho werhafu. zizathu zilandelayo leswikulu ukugwetyelwa kule ndawo:

- okokuqala, inzululwazi womthetho rhafu kwintsebenziswano ngokuthe ngqo kunye Sciences kwezoqoqosho kummandla irhafu, ngokuba isifundo kophando, iingcamango ezingundoqo mthetho werhafu kuphuhliswa phantsi kwempembelelo iziseko kwezoqoqosho kunye lombutho irhafu, yintoni na yaye kunye nemigaqo yomthetho irhafu kunye nemigaqo yolawulo irhafu ;

- okwesibini, indlela ulungiso irhafu kumgangatho karhulumente i akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ummiselo osemthethweni;

- Okwesithathu, kukho ukwahlulwa iingqiqo kunye nemigaqo siseko yorhafiso umthetho werhafu. Okokuqala - oku ingcamango esisiseko zohlobo kwezoqoqosho, zisekwe ngokwesiseko yokusebenza efanelekileyo. ukunika bevukayo omnye senzeko - ngezithethe amagatya kwemithetho yerhafu.

Ukwakheka kunye ukuvela thiyori irhafu sele ngokwamandulo wabhekisela iimfundiso Adam Smith. Yena kuqala sae imigaqo ezine irhafu, ezo kamva ngokuba "Declaration of amalungelo abarhafi" kwaye ikakhulu wasivuna izilangazelelo berhafu. Ngokwemfanelo Adam Smith akanguye ephambili, imigaqo ukungafihli, kwaye amazwi ngqo umxholo yabo.

Le migaqo yomthetho yerhafu iquka: ngummiselo wobulungisa, umgaqo ngokunyanisekileyo yerhafu, umgaqo lula yentlawulo, umgaqo uqoqosho.

Umgaqo wobulungisa luxanduva kubemi naliphi na ilizwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba iindleko yokugqibela ngokomlinganiselo ukukwazi kwabo ukubhatala. Ngokutsho kwithiyori Adam Smith Umgaqo wokuqala ingqinelana kwisenzo irhafu leevoti, eli yona luxanduva abahlawuli berhafu abafumana imivuzo eyahlukileyo mali karhulumente ukunika yokwabelana ngokulinganayo.

iirhafu ezithile aphathwe njengenxalenye non-ukusekwa irhafu elingenammiselo, ie, kufuneka iqulathe ixabiso sentlawulo, ixesha kunye indlela yentlawulo.

Imixholo lula yentlawulo umgaqo ukuba irhafu kufuneka kutsalwa ngexesha elimlungeleyo ukuba Mhlawuli nendlela elula kunazo.

Ke ekugqibeleni, umgaqo uqoqosho kufuna Ukunciphisa iindleko ngokususwa irhafu.

Ngelo langoku inqanaba lophuhliso unxulumano loluntu ngummiselo wobulungisa, kodwa walahlekelwa intsingiselo yawo yokuqala, kodwa ithe inguqu enkulu ngenxa iimeko zatshintsha ezoqoqosho, ezomthetho kunye nezentlalo ezenziwa ngabantu. Kucingwa ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokuthe nkqo. Kakuhle eli Umgaqo wobulungisa "tye 'sesi silandelayo: zifundo abakulo kwindawo enye kwaye ingeniso ezilahlwayo kwi yesibini efanayo kwezerhafu, kufuneka ukuba ahlawule irhafu flat. Umgaqo wobulungisa "nkqo" ithetha ukuba izifundo kunye izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo eziyimfuneko ukulahla Amanani ezahlukeneyo yengeniso yabo.

Ngoko ingqalelo izifundo ibalulekileyo umlando endalo ezoqoqosho kunye nemali, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngokungqinelana kunye neengxaki zokuzalwa kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho ngokomgangatho entsha ngexesha zecawa zaye zaphuhliswa iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa imigaqo ethile yomthetho irhafu, leyo zisisiphumo yesayensi nokuqonda esebenzayo kunye nohlalutyo yolwalamano zerhafu phakathi karhulumente kunye noluntu.