Imigudu inde ehlabathini. Emide kolwandle kwitonela ehlabathini

Imigudu basoloko ingqalelo izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo ukuze ndiye ekhuselekileyo okanye sendleleni phantsi komhlaba. Kodwa ukuba obukhulu ngaphambili efana bokwakha ukunceda abantu ingabonakali ukungena kumhlaba wotshaba, kodwa namhlanje ukwakhiwa kwayo ezinxulumene ezinye iinjongo. Noko ke, zahluke isakhiwo, indawo kunye nobungakanani. Malunga zithini imigudu mde ehlabathini, siye sagqiba ukuba bakuxelele ngayo namhlanje.

Japanese kwetonela elide

I lide namhlanje ingqalelo kwitonela kaloliwe ibekwe eJapan. Ibizwa Seykanom, Oko usho Japanese "intlekisa zobungangamela". Le Itonela uba ubungakanani omhle kakhulu kwaye Ude inxalenye efihliweyo phantsi kwamanzi. Ngoko, ke ilingana ubude lilonke 53,85 km kunye Isiqwengana kwamanzi lihambisana ubude km 23.3. Kungenxa yoko le nto, ukongeza isihloko enye izakhiwo ezinkulu ilizwe, Seikan abe ezikhundla ahlukeneyo - kwitonela elide kwamanzi ehlabathini.

Yila ngokwayo, ukwakhiwa apho wachitha iminyaka ubuncinane-40 ubudala, yakhiwa ngo-1988. Iqulethe kwizitishi ezimbini. Noko ke, phezu kwayo yonke amandla yokwakha, okwangoku Seikan ayikho zisetyenziswa kangangoko ngaphambili. Ngokutsho abahlaziyi, oku kubangelwe kukunyuka kwamaxabiso yokuhamba phezu kololiwe.

Seikan - inde itonela kaloliwe ehlabathini, ubunzulu apho 240 m Oku indalo emangalisayo woMntu uyaziwa. Tsugaru Strait. Njengoko kucwangciswe liSebe abayili, kwitonela umanyanisa isiqithi Honshu kunye Hokkaido.

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba uhlobo umfutho ukuba kukhokelele ekuyilweni le ngxilimbela, yaba kwenkanyamba, ngenxa apho ingqubekile 5 umkhweli neziye. Ngenxa ngenxa yengozi kwibhodi enye kuphela apho yabulala iindwendwe ezingaphezu kwama-1.150, kuquka amalungu yabasebenzi.

Umdibaniso inde kwaye emhlabeni ehlabathini

Imigudu inde kweli hlabathi lungohlulwa lube zezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• phezulu;
• komhlaba;
• imoto okanye indlela;
• kaloliwe;
• kwamanzi.

Enye belizwe kwetonela elide ingqalelo Lamberg, xa kwakhiwa e-Switzerland. Ubude bayo km 34. Njengoko kungaba lula ukuhambisa uloliwe, ngamanye amaxesha ibalekisa ku / h 200 km isantya. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba oku kunceda abahambi Swiss ezimbalwa iiyure ukufika kwenye yeendawo iiholide ithandwayo lizwe - Valle. Ngokutsho abahambi onetyuwa, nanga kwimithombo emininzi ashushu.

Kuya kuba nomdla ukuba, ukongeza umsebenzi wayo ophambili, Lamberg, kwakunye nezinye imigudu mde ehlabathini, yaye wenza eziliqela kwabanye. Ngokukodwa, kufuphi isakhiwo ngokwayo ishushu amanzi phantsi komhlaba, ezinceda shushu Tropenhaus Frutigen - zibekwe kufutshane gases kwaye kwezityalo tropical likhula nommandla wayo.

Enye ezigcwele ezinkulu Automotive

I inde indlela kwitonela ehlabathini - Lerdalsky. Esi sakhiwo i ubude 24.5 km luhlobo yokuqhagamshelana ibhulorho phakathi koomasipala Eyrlann kunye Laerdal, ibekwe kwinxalenye esentshona eNorway. Ke Lerdalsky Itonela ithathwa nokuqhubekeka indlela ezaziwayo-kakuhle E16, ekummandla phakathi eBergen ne Oslo.

Ukuqala Ukwakhiwa kwetonela odumileyo lwaqaliswa phakathi ku-1995, yaye isiphelo sawo elisondele ku-2000 mu. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu isakhiwo yathatyathwa njengenye uphuma endleleni inde, eshiya ngasemva mbeleko odumileyo Gotthard ukuya kangangoko 8 km.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, isakhiwo idlula ezintabeni, okuphakama mkhulu kuno-1600 m. Ngenxa kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo nabayili bezakhiwo, iingcali uphumelele ukuphungula umthwalo abaqhubi ehamba kwitonela. Kwaye oku kuphunyezwa ngokudala emiqolombeni ezintathu eyongezelelweyo equidistant ukusuka kwenye. Idatha ye emiqolombeni ngumntu ukwabelana isithuba phantsi isakhiwo ngokwamacandelo amane ubude. Nantso into engaqhelekanga onjalo kwaye kwitonela mde ehlabathini.

Eyesithathu-lide itonela kaloliwe

Eyesithathu-inde phakathi kwezinye ezigcwele odlulayo kaloliwe, ingqalelo Eurotunnel. Esi sakhiwo ethubeleza phantsi IsiNgesi Channel, kwaye idibanisa nenxalenye UK yezwekazi Europe. Ngayo, nabani na unako ukuza ukusuka eParis ukuya eLondon kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa. Ngaphakathi uloliwe phantsi komhlaba yimizuzu 20-35 kwi-avareji.

ukuvulwa Grand of Channel Itonela ngoMeyi 1994. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ulwakhiwo inyoba komhlaba sashiya kakhulu imali, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe iye yayiqwalasela wobugcisa ngokungummangaliso. Ngoko ke, esi sakhiwo ithathwa njengenye imimangaliso mihla ehlabathini. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi preliminary, oku kwitonela mde ihlabathi liya kuya nokwanela kuphela emva kweminyaka 1000.

Kwitonela mde Alps

Enye inyoba amazing komhlaba, kungekhona ngoku- indawo yayo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, nguye Simplon Tunnel. Kucingwa unxulumano kakhulu yimpumelelo phakathi kwidolophu Domodossola (Italy) kunye uBrigadier (Switzerland). Ngaphezu koko, isakhiwo na indawo elungileyo zejografi, eyaziwa ngokuba indlela enqumla Orient Express nethetha omnye imigca kwicala eParis ku Istanbul.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, Simplon Tunnel uye imbali yayo. Ezi ndonga ukukhumbula izinto ezininzi, umzekelo, ukuba igalelo nemveliso yayo yayiveliswa ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Nangona kunjalo, i-dubulo engagunyaziswanga kweso sivumelwano, enkosi ngoncedo luqalile zasekuhlaleni. Okwangoku ehamba iqulathe Intanethi ezimbini ubude 19803 kunye 19823 m. Ngoku uyazi apho kwitonela mde ehlabathini.

"Silo" engagqibekanga Alps

Xa Alps kukho etoneleni engagqitywanga Gotthard, ekuthiwa ndiyingwenya na lokwenyaniso izakhiwo wezakhiwo mihla. titanium Active ogama ubude imalunga 57 km, ekulungele eSwitzerland lobuhlobo. Ngokutsho kubabhekisi projekthi ngokwabo, injongo ephambili Itonela yokunqumla ekhuselekileyo iimpahla nabantu lonke Alps. Ukongezelela, oko kusetyenziselwa ukuzinciphisa uhambo iiyure ezintathu ukusuka Zurich eMilan ukuya iiyure ezimbini nemizuzu mahlanu.

Kwaye nangona kwitonela Gotthard ngalo mzuzu alikafiki ngokupheleleyo, ukuba sele yaphule izikeyi ngenani buck. Njengoko ingxelo kupapasho langaphandle, nolwakhiwo kwipaseji komhlaba yeendleko abaninilo kwi 10.3 yeebhiliyoni. Idola. Ukuvulwa enye imigudu elide kaloliwe Kucetywa ngo-2017.

Imigudu inde ehlabathini: uqhagamshelwano kwamanzi phakathi Japan noMzantsi Korea

Urhulumente woMzantsi Korea, kunye ne-Japanese, liqulunqe isicwangciso ukwakha etoneleni, 182 km ubude. Esi sigqibo sathathwa ukuze ukwandisa ingeniso kunye nokukhawulezisa udibaniso zothutho phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Le projekthi, ngokutsho iingcali, kuya kuba ezukileyo. Nangona ukwakhiwa kwayo ekuqaleni nje, abaphuhlisi, iinjineli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo, kuye kwafuneka ukuba ajongane ezininzi iingxaki. Ngokukodwa, akucaci ukuba iya kusebenza njani inkqubo alulame, ukuba kwenzeka ngequbuliso ingozi ejikelezayo.

Le Itonela inde kwaye ibiza kakhulu ehlabathini

Lo msele ndlela inde, apho ubona imizila nje ezisibhozo emendweni, ingqalelo Boston enkulu. Noko ke, isakhiwo amangalisayo kunye noyilo ngokungathandabuzekiyo uye kubuna phambi kokuba imali ekufuneka ihlawulwe kubaxumi yokwakha.

Ngokutsho data lokuqala, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali iyonke ezichithwa Ukwakhiwa kwetonela, ngaphezu $ 14.6 yezigidi zezigidi. Kodwa le ntlawulo nako ukuhlangabezana bakhi, iindleko ezongezelelweyo kangaka imihla yaba malunga $ 3 million. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa Big yemba kuso abaqeshwe ngaphezu kwe-150 milenge mihla. Kwaye kule nkqubo baya ngabasebenzi ngaphezu kwama 5,000.

Kwitonela mde yonke Spain

Spain kwakhona inama Guadaramoy - inde itonela isiwe Umanyanisa Valladolid kunye Madrid. ubude bawo km 28,37 kuphela kude. Ukuvulwa kule isakhiwo kwenzeka ngo-2007 ikufuphi. Kamva Guadarame sathetha ngayo njengoko elikhulu-scale imisebenzi yokwakha eSpeyin.

Itonela enkulu komhlaba e-Japan

Japan idume ngaphantsi komhlaba kunye nezakhiwo ngentla-phantsi, phakathi apho kukho itonela kaloliwe enkulu Hakkōda Iintaba. ubude ogcweleyo imalunga 26.5 km. Ukususela kuvulwa sakhiwo ukuya kwixesha langoku sele kudlule iminyaka emininzi. Yiloo nje yaye ngoku iyaqhubeka yenye ipakishwe elifana kakhulu banzi ecaleni apho unokuwisa oololiwe nje emibini.