Imilinganiselo imiqadi. Ubunzima kunye nemiqadi zokumakisha

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi iintsika. Zahlula ngokwengqibo: isiseko, ngokuba imigangatho, ethwele; umbandela ziintsimbi, iinkuni, eziphathekayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, lonke ulwazi ebekwe phantsi nesikhundla element, kodwa siyaqondakala kuphela kwiingcali. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi na efihliweyo emva nezishunqulelo lamagama, wazi njani na, imilinganiselo imiqadi ukugqiba ubunzima, kufuneka ukuba ukujonga, cinga iindidi eziphambili iimveliso zokwakha.

ingqiqo jikelele

Beam - inkxaso tyaba element kwenkqubo noshowo ukuba ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwiindawo ezininzi inkxaso. Inokuhlawulela omnye (split), kunye iinqwelomoya ezininzi (apheleleyo). Nesixhobo umqadi wohlulwe:

• Ebuntsimbi (steel).
• Wood.
• ufakelo lwesamente.

Zisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni njengoko nezakhiwo umthwalo-ngokuzala, besebenza ayeguqa, kwaye matshini (umz, njengenxalenye kwendwe projektha).

imiqadi metal

Eli qela elikhulu. Classification, apho unako ukufumana uluvo jikelele imiqadi metal:

1. scheme Working:

1.1. Single-span (split).

1.2. Multispan (apheleleyo).

1.3. Cantilever (enye inkxaso ngohlobo senzela).

Bathezi kakhulu elula ukwenziwa kunye indibano xa kuthelekiswa multi-hop. imiqadi Continuous kuyacetyiswa ewamisela kwinkxaso oluthembekileyo, apho kungekho bungozi ukunqamka olungalinganiyo.

2. Xa kwesigaba view :

2.1. Ukuziqengqa (odnotavrovye, I-umqadi, cross-ahlabayo).

2.2. Iinxalenye: welding, walutshixa, riveted.

Avamise kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni I-echweliweyo zithathwa - ukuba lula ukuvelisa yaye ubhetyebhetye iyasetyenziswa. Ngaphezu koko, akukho zabo ingqalelo.

Iparameters I-msebe

iimveliso Metal ahluka yi ukuthembeka kwabo kunye nokusebenza eliphezulu zobugcisa. I-imiqadi - akukho ngaphandle. Baya kuba kudidi lweemveliso elide, imveliso yenziwa ngokwenkcukacha. Ngenxa yoko, iinkcukacha zisekelwe kwiimfuno ekufuneka kufikelelwe kuwo umqadi GOST 535-2005 "asongwe bar stock kunye necandelo noshowo carbon sentsimbi ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo" silawula kubo.

Xa uhlobo iprofayili umqadi ingaba:

1) ntsimbi zilapha phezulu ukufana:

1.1) Normal (b).

1.2) kunye kwithala ububanzi (W).

1.3) ye kumhlathi (K).

Xa igama imboniselo yabucala imveliso isoloko kwi khowudi. Umzekelo, umqadi 20b1 kuthatha imilinganiselo efana: 20 cm ubude, D - eqhelekileyo, ububanzi kwi - 100 mm (10 cm).

2) icala yangaphakathi ujongene:

2.1) Normal - 6-12% ithambeka.

2.2) ngqo: M - kuba yimiqolo ka milenge kunye nezinye izixhobo (≤12%) ngokuxhonywa.

2.3) - kuba kugunyaziso emigodini zam (≤16%)

Beam kabini-tee: Imilinganiselo kunye ubunzima

Ezi nqobo zixhomekeke enye kwenye, kwakunye kuhlobo ngentsimbi, isicelo imveliso. Ukuchaza kubo, kufuneka usebenzise itafile engusebekho. Phi?

Kukho assortments ezisekelwe GOST 8239-89, 19425-74, 26020-83. Xa uhlobo profile, khetha itafile efanelekileyo, wowufumana nemilinganiselo eziyimfuneko imiqadi, kuba kwimeko ethile ngamnye unikwa intabalala yemveliso kumgca oli-1. Eli xabiso ithathwa ukuba imbekiselo, esetyenziswa ekubaleni, kodwa eneneni zisenokuthi zahluke kancinane i actual (ukuba imveliso yenziwa njengoko DB).

Umzekelo: msebe 20b1. Neentlobontlobo ubukhulu: ukuphakama - 200 Ububanzi mm - 100 mm, udonga ubukhulu - 5.6 mm, iishelfu ubungakanani - 8.5 mm, kwirediyasi ugobile ngohlangothi engaphakathi - 12 mm.

Beam kabini-tee, apho ubukhulu kunye nobunzima zinikwe etafileni, benchmark yale hlobo. Xa uthenga imveliso umenzi linyanzelekile ukuba ukunika ingcaciso ngqo yoMgaqo iziqalelo client.

imisebe yeplanga

Eyona ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa ekwakheni izindlu njengezinto zidlulela imigangatho, imigangatho, amaceba agqibileyo umaleko njengenxalenye truss, imiqadi ngesixhobo nophahla. Isiqalelo i amaplanga olubuxande kwicala ngeparameters ulungiso - ka 140-250 mm ububanzi - 50-160 mm. Ubude kuyohluka iimitha ezi-2 ukuya kwisi-5 (ngaphandle ixabiso ukuzala).

Ngokutsho amaplanga ubume isenokuba eqinileyo okanye ethe (multilayer). Kuba zemveliso sebenzisa Conifers, ekubeni luthambe elungileyo kunye nomsebenzi ukugoba, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ethwele izinto ezithe tye.

zobukhulu zophahla Wooden zixhomekeke umthwalo zidlulela elizayo, kuhlobo wokugcwalisa ivolyum candelo (izifudumezi, Nakata), ubuninzi kweminwe. Zonke ezi parameters kulawulwa GOST 4981-87 "imiqadi imigangatho ngamaplanga."

iimpawu ezizodwa

Ngaphambi kokuba nokusebenzisa izinto ngomthi iphathwa ngononophelo kunye nemixube kubola ezithintela Cya ukubola nomonakalo ibuzi, kwaye kukhulisa ukuxhathisa emlilweni iiplanga.

izinto zidlulela shelwe indlwane ngokukodwa amalungiselelo xa ilawulwa wamatye nokuba notching udonga eliphezulu lobume isithsaba izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngamaplanga. Ufakelo yenziwa ngokugqithileyo ukuya umqadi engundoqo. Le terminus Ngokubhekiselele ungabi mfutshane kwe-15 cm.

• Xa elungiselela udonga nemithi ongaphandle iziphelo ezamahala shwaka phantsi ngama-60 ^0, ukuphathwa ebulala ukukhusela nophahla weva okanye yophahla ngayo.
• Xa asisule Imiqadi wamatye, ekupheleni womthi kufuneka koma nenkqubo itha, ukuzikhusela ezibolayo.
• Zalisa lomhlaba niche eludongeni kufuneka isifudumezi. Ungahlela ibhokisi ngomthi.
• qiniseka ukuba ashiye umoya bile ezindongeni elingqingqwa apho uya kushenxisa ukufuma ukusuka ekupheleni free.
• Xa iindonga ezingcakacileyo (izitena ezimbini) isithuba kwi yayigcinwa kuvunyelwa ukuba ugcwalise ngodaka lwesamente.
• Ezindongeni engaphakathi umqadi obekwe kwi esibekwa kwakungcono.

Beam ingathathelwa indawo umqadi, netoti okuhambelana ukuphakama buxande emnqamlezweni icandelo element. Yokuba ngokoqoqosho ngokwemiqathango ekuthengeni izinto eziphathekayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba nitrogen kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo nangoncedo iiankile okulungiswe eludongeni.

kwaqinisa msebe eziphathekayo

Sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ezinkulu zokwakha-isikali Izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye noluntu.

Bathi ezinemiqadi echweliweyo yemisedare phezu eziliqela parameters, kungathathwa icandelo enkulu ngenjongo kunye nohlobo cross-icandelo ngexesha:

• Foundation. zisetyenziselwa ukwakha angaphantsi kwamaziko mveliso kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala kwiindawo zemisebenzi eliphezulu seismic. Usenokuba yabucala emise oku kuka-T kwicandelo emnqamlezweni okanye trapezoid.
• truss Dual okanye engamarhoqorhoqo, ukuya kwiinkqubo uphahla zizixhobo zivaliwe-off kwizakhiwo zoshishino kunye nokulima. Yibani projections ngokuba ukulungisa naLindiili.
• imiqadi okoxande kunye sisimo ezahlukeneyo (odnotavry, I-imiqadi, L- kunye iiprofayili ezimilise-T) zisetyenziselwa zilala phezu kwindoda olungaphambili, kumgangatho ukuya kwiimitha ezili-18.

Imilinganiselo imiqadi ixhomekeke injongo yabo kwaye ezahlukeneyo iparameters. Umzekelo, izakhiwo truss babe ubude ukuya kwi-24 m, kanti izinto eziqhelekileyo umgangatho singaqamela ngazo sikuthembe sicatshulwa 18 m. Le ezinye i parameters kumiselwa ngamnye wemveliso nganye.

Ubukhulu yemiqadi yokuhlanganisa ingafunyanwa kwi-Standard State okanye abalawuli kbavelisi ezithile, njengoko zinokwahluka. GOST 20372-90 "ngemiqadi truss podstropilnye luqiniswe" ichaza iimfuno ezingundoqo imveliso, izixhobo kunye nokuqiniswa isakhiwo, phezu kwesi sisekelo, amashishini ukwenza DB.

yokubala esisiseko

Lonke ulwakhiwo kwi leSoviet baye bohlulwa series. Kukho zifane kwiikhathalogu eziphathekayo, edwelisa zonke iintlobo kunye ubukhulu iibhloko, imiqadi, Iizilebhu, yenziwe mveliso kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Izishwankathelo tabular thaca nemilinganiselo zonke iinxalenye lweziqalelo, ubunzima lwabo ibalwe. Le ncwadi iye kude zingasetyenziswa njenge reference ukuba uyilo lwezakhiwo, kodwa iinjineli kufuneka ukuba ukuthelekisa data evela ebusweni obubambekayo iimveliso ezifana kubaniki namhlanje.

Kukho imigaqo eziliqela, nto leyo bakhohlisa ngeeplanga ufakelo lwesamente. Ubukhulu kufuneka baphumeze ezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo:

1. Le height ubuncinane isi-5% ubude baso wayesaphila.
2. Ububanzi umqadi ixhomekeke ratio 5: 7 (ububanzi ukuphakama).
3. Iimveliso nokuqiniswa eveliswe kwiNkqubo 2 ngezantsi kwaye ngaphezu intonga (ukuxhathisa SAG). Ukuze uthathe iintonga isidumbu kuhlinzwa ububanzi of 12-14 mm.

Ngaloo ndlela kunokwenzeka ukumisela imilinganiso umqadi efunekayo inxalenye ethile.