Imodeli izikhokeli: American, Japanese, German and Chinese

esizweni ngasinye kwakha inkqubo yayo kazwelonke wezoqoqosho. Abasemagunyeni bazama ukwenza uqoqosho nokhuphiswano kunye ufezekisa izibophelelo zentlalo kubemi balo. Kukho imizekelo emarikeni, uqoqosho engumxube, kukho yeefomati umyalelo nje yolawulo ngoncedo karhulumente kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Ziziphi iimpawu ngamnye kubo? Eyahluke kakhulu imigaqo yophuhliso kwezoqoqosho kumazwe Western?

Yintoni na kuqoqosho

Uqoqosho lwehlabathi asebenza ngaphantsi imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo. Kho iimpawu ekuya kubonwa iimpawu ngamnye kubo, into eninzi. Ekuhlaleni mihla lwezenzululwazi ezithandwayo ezimbini - ifomu kugqibelelo bobunini izibonelelo ezisisiseko uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye indlela intsebenziswano kwezolimo. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zokugweba ezimbini, ukuchonga amaqela eziliqela imifuziselo kuqoqosho. Nantsi ke.

imodeli Uqoqosho 1. umyalelo

Luphawulwa kwayo karhulumente ongeyonxalenye kwizibonelelo zoqoqosho. Imisebenzi kwezolimo ngokusekelwe imiyalelo yezolawulo kunye umyalelo esikhutshwe ngabasemagunyeni. iindlela eziphambili ezibonakalisa oko ukuvelisa, ukuba awabe yaye ngokusebenzisa indlela oko amajelo kutshintshiselwano, yakha urhulumente. Umyalelo Usoqoqosho wakwa-USSR kwakujongwa. Emazweni ezikhoyo, le umfuziselo, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, North Korea.

2. MODEL LOQOQOSHO

Luphawulwa yokuba imithombo becala zimelwe ipropati yabucala, babe nenkululeko okuqingqa amaxabiso. Urhulumente kuchaphazela iinkqubo eziphambili kwezoqoqosho akukho inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo ukwabiwa kwazo naziphi na izibonelelo.

3. Indlela izikhokeli

Le ngokwalatha kuyo abaphandi ukuba imarike okanye umfuziselo umyalelo ngohlobo lwayo olunyulu namhlanje, zinqabile. Ngenye indlela, urhulumente engenelela kwimicimbi lweshishini phantse kuwo onke amazwe ukuba ngenkuthalo ikhuthaza amaxabiso zemalike free. kukho indawo, nangona mthethweni, kodwa ukuba iimpawu kwicandelo labucala ke, nkqu eMntla Korea.

imodeli Mixed uqoqosho namhlanje, ngokutsho iingcali - eqhelekileyo kakhulu ehlabathini. Umbuzo kuphela koko likhulu kangakanani lubonakala indima karhulumente kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho kwilizwe elinye. Ukongezelela, kwezinye iimeko, kubaluleke kakhulu kangako iqondo sokuphamazisa karhulumente kwimicimbi zoshishino njengoko urhulumente kwezopolitiko.

Yintoni le yenza ingxubevange

Phambi ukuhlola umzekelo woqoqosho oluxubileyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo, sifunda iimpawu ngokubanzi olu hlobo iinkqubo zoqoqosho. Isibaluli apha - ukuba ngokulinganayo indima karhulumente kunye necandelo labucala ebalulekileyo. Kwakhona khona Amanani ezinokuthelekiswa zombini impahla iifom. Noko ke, iindlela ezisisiseko kwezoqoqosho nangoku kumiselwa emarikeni. Urhulumente likwancedisa kubo utshintsho kumthetho yolawulo.

Yintoni na le nokwenzeka yokungenelela karhulumente kwimarike ngokwenza? Kutheni ungavumeli ishishini anta ngokukhululekileyo? Ezinye Osoqoqosho bathi oku kukuba phantsi kubukhapitali kukho umngcipheko ukuba inxalenye enkulu yabemi kuya kuba sengozini ngokwentlalo, ukuba akakwazi ukufumana umsebenzi. Kwaye akukho ukuze kuxhamle amashishini abucala, ezininzi kuzo ekufuneka abathengi zesinyibilikisi. Bekuya kuba ngcono ukuba umntu ibanika ngengeniso (makubenjalo amashishini karhulumente), kunye imakethi ukwandisa ngexesha elifanayo. Kukho uguqulelo osebenza ngendlela efanayo imodeli Russian noqoqosho ezahlukeneyo. Xa ilizwe lakhe, ngokubonelela imisebenzi ukuba izigidi zabantu kwicandelo likarhulumente, nto leyo eye encinane yokwenza ushishino kunye kwimarike ezamahala, ukuvuselela wabo amandla yokuthenga, ngaloo ndlela yokusebenza, ke, amashishini "ukucoceka", ezifana neevenkile, ukutya fast , neevenkile ngomatshini.

Enye ingongoma imbono malunga nendima zikarhulumente woqoqosho oluxubileyo esekelwe kwimiba amaxabiso free. Into yokuba akukho bathengi kwerandi kakhulu ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo. Uninzi abadlali bakhe abazange bakwazi kuvunyelwane nkqubo ngcathu kule nkalo ukwanda yokuthengisa kwamaxabiso, kwaye ukuba zibonisa manyathelo, oko kudla ngenjongo okukhona nxamnye sikhuphisana, nto leyo kwamaxabiso okukhawulezileyo (njengoko kwakunjalo eRussia ekuqaleni 90 -x, kunye nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi kobokuqala awodwa yali). Ngenxa yoko, uqoqosho yayihlasela ntlekele. Kurhulumente nongenelelo ngokuhlakanipha kurhwebo Unokulawula ikhondo amaxabiso, nto leyo enokunceda inflation kade.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo of izikhokeli

Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na umzekelo osisiseko woqoqosho oluxubileyo, ngokusekelwe kwindalo yawo. Iingcali ukuchonga oku kulandelayo.

1. model Neoetatistskaya

osemqoka yayo engundoqo - ukuba imizi kumashishini angundoqo, kwakunye nefuthe kwimarike, ukuze isakhono abadlali ngamnye malunga efanayo. Kwezinye iimeko, imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ziquka iindlela antitrust.

2. Indlela neo-zobunene

Luphawulwa angenelele ngaphantsi kwiimarike kunokuba mzekelo neoetatistskom. Abasemagunyeni bazama ukuphembelela umgangatho nokusebenza amaziko kwezoqoqosho, kodwa hayi ngokwako yinkqubo yokhuphiswano. Nangona kunjalo Icandelo antimonopoly nazo esebenza - ukuze wokhuseleko kukhuphiswano free.

3. Model mayelana

Eziqinileyo - umgaqo lokufumana kwizibhambathiso phakathi abadlali ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yoqoqosho - amashishini, urhulumente noluntu (ngokufuthi ubuso zemanyano yabasebenzi). Lubonakala ngokuba irhafu kunokuba phezulu (idla ngaphezulu kumazwe bazenzayo umfuziselo neoliberal) idla ibalwe isikali eqhubela phambili. Eyona njongo iphambili ye-abasemagunyeni - ukufunyanwa kwezibonelelo kukugcina ukulingana yemeko yentlalo yabemi.

Ezi imodeli uqhelekileyo woqoqosho oluxubileyo. Kakade ke, njengoko ngokwemvelo zoshishino kwiinkqubo eziza kumazwe ahlukeneyo ungahluka. model National woqoqosho oluxubileyo, ngokutsho iingcali, badla ukuba bathungelane ukuqhelana yokwenene yentlalo-kwezopolitiko, yemeko ezisingqongileyo, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe, ukuvela iimarike ezintsha.

Iimpawu ze ukusebenza izikhokeli

Njani indlela zoqoqosho engumxube, xa kusenziwa? na umsebenzi iinkqubo kwezoqoqosho kumazwe apho isetyenziswa njani? Iingcali, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba umzekelo lesizwe woqoqosho oluxubileyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo babe ezithile zibonisa ukuba ukuze zisekhona ezinye iimpawu ofanayo iinkqubo loqoqosho lolu hlobo. Ubhetyebhetye ukuba uqoqosho exube kumazwe awahlukeneyo kubiza ndlela zilandelayo.

1. Ubuninzi kweemveliso mveliso ezenziwe nkulu neenkampani, nto leyo ke, bakhuphisane. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkqubo ezoqoqosho, kwelinye icala, alaqhenqetha, kwelinye - akukho bodwa, akukho mdlali yemarike, apho Undibekele imithetho bonke. Ubunini kwamashishini ezinjalo umgaqo Akukhathaliseki - nokuba akukho urhulumente, oko ishishini kunjalo inoxanduva kwabasemagunyeni ngenxa kwizibophelelo ukuhlawula iirhafu okanye iminikelo kwi-akhawunti yomhlalaphantsi.

2. I-mthetho ubukhulu becala uluntu aphila kulo. Umzekelo, osebenza efektri, njengoko umthetho, awukwazi nje ukuchitha okanye anciphise umvuzo wakhe kuthelekiswa leyo ebhaliswe imvumelwano. Ngoko ke, umthetho ukhuthaza ulondolozo amandla ukuthengwa abemi.

3. komgangatho ophezulu kunye nokhuseleko inkqubo yentlawulo, kwakunye nezo ezibonelela izivumelwano ukhuseleko (idla ngokuba ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yenkundla). Urhulumente kulo mzekelo uthatha kwi inxalenye nokuzibophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza ezinzileyo weshishini, efuna, ngokukodwa, ngasechwebeni nokuchaneka olungqongqo ekuphumezeni iinkqubo zokuhlala. Isebe yenkundla karhulumente, neliya kuqinisekisa uncedo oosomashishini ekusombululeni iingxaki endle zomthetho. Karhulumente kunye namashishini Svoge basayine imvumelwano kwezentlalo: iqela lokuqala inika ukhuseleko eziliqela iindlela engundoqo koosomashishini, okwesibini "ukuhlawula" kuba ngeerhafu kunye nokuqeshwa abemi.

Kuyinto ezi mpawu ezintathu luphawulwa, njengako iingcali, bonke imodeli ezisisiseko kwezoqoqosho elingumxube, nabo bonke umahluko phakathi kwabo ngokwemiqathango ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo kakumkani yesizwe nkqubo yezoqoqosho.

Njani na uqoqosho ingxubevange?

An into umdla kukuba i "oluqhubekayo", ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, imodeli lorhwebo wavela phambi mixed. Kwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni 'market olunyulu "kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ngohlobo capitalism ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa karhulumente ebalulekileyo yena asebenza zifundo kulindeleke lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Imarike yaba kulawulwa ziziphathamandla. Kulo mzamo ukuba ziphambuke kwesona imodeli uze ubuyele kwi 'market olunyulu "baqala, njengoko iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa, unobangela kwentlekele kwi US ebutsheni beminyaka eyi-30. Osoqoqosho ayaqonda ukuba ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo uqoqosho ufanele kubonisa indima ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Ngoko ke, umzekelo olungumxube zokwakha yesizwe yezoqoqosho wabonakala 30-40s. Ngexesha lemfazwe, izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka States ahluke kancinane ngenxa imfuneko ukunika imikhosi inkxaso resource, kodwa ekupheleni amazwe Second World Western waqalisa ukuphumeza imigaqo woqoqosho oluxubileyo eye ngokukhethekileyo esebenzayo. imodeli Namhlanje yezoqoqosho kula mazwe - isiphumo ukuphunyezwa ngcembe siseko abonelela kwizibhambathiso phakathi kwezahlulo zemali eyinkunzi labucala kunye noluntu.

yenza ingxubevange in the US

Indlela ukusebenza kumazwe ahlukeneyo, umzekelo woqoqosho oluxubileyo? Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu ezifanelekileyo umzekelo amagunya zinamandla kwezoqoqosho. Makhe siqale eUnited States. Umfuziselo American woqoqosho oluxubileyo, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, zibandakanya ngoncedo ngurhulumente kancinci kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. uhlobo ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo indima ayinakuthelekiswa zabucala. A indima ephambili kule US kuqoqosho idlala eyinkunzi non-karhulumente, kodwa ulwalathiso yayo ilawulwa abasemagunyeni - ngokusebenzisa kokupapashwa imithetho enxulumene ingxelo, nabanye abantu, ukuhlawula irhafu kunye nezinye iintlawulo. Indima abasemagunyeni kwi US kuqoqosho inokuba olubonakalayo abangakwaziyo kwezivumelwano zoluntu, ubukhulu becala zokhuselo kunye nohlobo zenzululwazi. Njengoko yaziwa, i-US emkhosini lwabiwo - ngaphezulu kwama-500 ezigidi zeerandi.

abezoqoqosho abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba umfuziselo US woqoqosho oluxubileyo ijolise ekuvuseleleni ushishino yoluntu. Ukuziqhelisa, oku iyakubonakaliswa ubuncinane okusemthethweni ukuba ukuqala ishishini. Kwakhona, amaqela enkxaso asekuhlaleni, asezantsi-ingeniso America na amanyathelo yobukhulu ezifana kwamanye amazwe amaninzi Western. nokungasebenzi kunye iingenelo ukubonelela ngaphandle ukuba ezona mfuno zisezantsi phantsi amaxabiso, aba bakhoyo eUnited States. Ngoko ke, abemi sifune ukufumana umsebenzi okanye ishishini labo.

uqoqosho mixed modeli e Germany

Umfuziselo German iphawulwa woqoqosho oluxubileyo? Iingcali bayibiza ngokuba iimpawu eziphambili njengokuba ixesha va orientation lwentlalo. Kwaye ngokwahlula amaJamani evela abaseMelika. Iinzuzo efanayo eJamani ukunika umgangatho wokuphila. abasemagunyeni German uzama ukwakha ummiselo yoqoqosho, kangangokuba yaba kwizibhambathiso phakathi eziphambili zoshishino kunye noluntu. Kwelinye icala, iinkampani kufuneka usebenze, igalelo ekukhuleni GDP kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lulonke. Kwelinye - ubulungisa kwezentlalo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe.

German imodeli izikhokeli neneempawu zilandelayo.

Okokuqala, yinto kukhuphiswano bume enobulungisa. kwisifundo ngasinye kule nkqubo yezoqoqosho, ngokusekelwe kwi-nkqubo ngurhulumente waseJamani, kufuneka babe namathuba alinganayo ukuze baphumeza iziphiwo zabo.

Okwesibini, umzekelo waseJamani woqoqosho oluxubileyo ithetha umboniso ukusasazwa yengeniso. Oku ingavezwa njengoko ekukhuthazeni amashishini ekwakheni iishedyuli lweerhafu ukuzinza inkalo payroll nezibonda, kunye, umzekelo, ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngqo ngurhulumente ingaphakathi kwi imeko yentlalo kwabemi abahlawulwa ngokwahlukileyo. Ngokukodwa, ngokusebenzisa ubonelelo izibonelelo zezindlu, inkxaso, inshorensi kunye nemfundo.

imodeli Japanese

Umfuziselo Japanese woqoqosho oluxubileyo into ethile kakhulu. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho izithethe eyomeleleyo zesizwe, ogama impembelelo inokulandwa kwiindawo ezininzi inkqubo yezoqoqosho. Oku ingakumbi kulawulo ulwalamano naphantsi, kokuba igcinwe yi-Institute of yofuzo kule inkalo ofundelweyo kwishishini oyikhethileyo ukusebenza kuyo. Enye into ephawula umzekelo Japanese ngayo yenza ingxubevange - kakhulu iqapheleka kakhulu, nithi, e-US, ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Kakhulu oko kuchazwe kwinkcazelo ezo zithwala eziphambili kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe, imigaqo yentsebenziswano kunye nabadlali amazwe. Indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa yobulungisa lwentlalo ngokulinganayo kuqoqosho yaseJapan.

Ingcamango Swedish

Phawula oko luphawulwa imodeli yaseSweden noqoqosho ezahlukeneyo. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba eSweden wakha uluntu, ekufuphi nolo mbono eqhelekileyo yobusoshiyali. Amanyathelo inkxaso-mali kunye eziphathekayo nakanjani phantse zonke iindidi abemi, nokuba ubukho okanye ukungabikho emsebenzini, aphezulu, nomsebenzi. Kukho elithi "socialism laseScandinavia". Kakade ke, xa kwisakhelo kwale modeli, umnotho ngumthwalo werhafu ishishini enkulu.

Endaweni yoko, nangona kunjalo, oku iba ne eqinisekiswe ngamandla nasekuthengeni phezulu, kwakunye yokhuseleko - kule inkalo neentlawulo zebhanki kunye nezilingo engenamkhethe, oko sesitshilo ngasentla, edwelisa imiba 'ubambiswano loluntu "phakathi kukarhulumente namashishini. Noko ke, phakathi zoqoqosho banengcinga ukuba umfuziselo Swedish loqoqosho oluxubileyo mkhulu kakhulu "yobusoshiyali" kutenxa kokumiselweyo. iinkampani ezininzi kuba nzima ukumelana neemeko ngumthwalo werhafu engqongqo.

Umfuziselo Chinese

ke siqwalasele indlela imarike inkqubo yezoqoqosho kwilizwe wamaKomanisi. Njani na ukuba kunokwenzeka nangona kwi USSR yonke into ilawulwa ngurhulumente? wenza imodeli Chinese woqoqosho oluxubileyo njani?

Eyona nto kukuba, ekubeni 70s, Communist Party of China wagqiba ukuvula uqoqosho lwesizwe kubatyali-mali bamanye amazwe ukuze usebenzise kunethuba elikhulu imveliso yeli lizwe. Bona neAfrika imithetho enxulumene ukuvulwa amasebe bemibutho amazwe. Kodwa inkqubo yezopolitiko, nangona kunjalo, kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Oonyana bolunye uhlanga wakhanga cheapness kwabasebenzi eTshayina, kwaye bazimisele ukutyala kuqoqosho ngurhulumente wamaKomanisi, ligqibe ukuvula ngokwayo emarikeni. Ngenxa yoko, China namhlanje - enye amagunya eziphambili mveliso. Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yezopolitiko asiguqukanga, abasemagunyeni PRC bayakwazi umyalelo-zolawulo iindlela ukusebenzisa le resource njengoko ebona kufanelekile. Umzekelo, sebenzisa yona ukuphucula umgangatho wokuphila kwabemi, ukhuseleko lwabo ekuhlaleni. Nguwuphi ngoku ibonwa ziingcali ezininzi, ayikho phezulu kakhulu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eChina ephuhliswe kakuhle iziko kwamashishini amancinane. Chinese abaninzi vula nangona encinane, kodwa ingeniso-okuvelisa zithengise, iindawo zokutyela, iinkampani zezothutho. Kubonakala ukuba phantsi Communism e China kukho capitalism ephuhliswe kakhulu.

Thelekisa imifanekiso

Zama "ngengqondo 'imodeli ngasentla noqoqosho ezahlukeneyo. Uthelekiso kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe Le theyibhile unakho kukhangeleka ngolu hlobo. Assessment, Kakade, isalamane kakhulu, kodwa isishwankathelo iimpawu uqoqosho zamazwe zethu ziya kubakho.

Ziziphi izigqibo ntoni? Nangona yokuba onke la mazwe - umfuziselo woqoqosho oluxubileyo, netafile ibonisa ukuba umahluko kufumaniseka ukuba aba kwiqela lwemiba.