Spaceports zehlabathi (uluhlu). I spaceport lokuqala

Ngokwembali uluntu isoloko ikhangela ukuya isibhakabhaka yaye wayenomdla kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yasezulwini. Kukho banentsomi yokuba kusithiwa abantu bokuqala baya isithuba ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa uxwebhu na kungekho ndlela iqinisekisiwe. Kodwa ihlabathi uye waba wonder novuyo xa ngowe-1961, igosa eSoviet uYuri Gagarin waya isithuba phambi kokuba abuyele Earth.

Ukuphehlelelwa lokuqala kwisiphekepheke Soviet weza evela kwindawo efihlakeleyo ebizwa i Baikonur Cosmodrome. Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela nje ngokuba pad lomphehlelelo, kodwa nakwezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo.

phayona

"Uphando Ukubonisa Ground" - oko kukuthi igama ababethwele projekthi, evunywe yi-Jikelele Abasebenzi kwiSebe lezoKhuselo ye-USSR ngo-1955. Kamva le ndawo yabizwa ngokuba Baikonur cosmodrome.

Le into ibekwe kwi Kyzylorda Oblast ku Kazakhstan, kufuphi ilali Toretam. indawo ye malunga 6717 macala onke. km. Kwaye iminyaka emininzi spaceport yokuqala yehlabathi kucingelwa ukuba yenye yeenkokheli kwishishini kwenani iqale. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2015, kunye naye bafakwa orbit 18 imijukujelwa. Ibizwa ngokuba umhlaba ukuphunyezwa uqala isithuba ukusuka Kazakhstan kuqeshisa iRussia de-2050. Ukuze ukusebenza kweziko achitha 6 billion engange Russian ngonyaka ngamnye.

Izinga Ukufihla

Zonke spaceports zehlabathi - inkwenkwezi kwizibuko, nekhuselwe ngenyameko kakhulu, yaye Baikonur kule nkalo - akukho ngaphandle.

Ngenxa yoko, ulwakhiwo izibuko engaphandle, kukhatshwa ukwakhiwa Baikonur Cosmodrome lobuxoki kufuphi elalini. Eli cebo yasetyenziswa ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa zokuchopha zomkhosi ezazakhiwe ngezinto ubuchule lobuxoki dummy.

Ngqo inxaxheba kulwakhiwo amajoni nomkhosi ukwakhiwa cosmodrome kunye namagosa. Ngokufutshane, benza feat wokwenene zabasebenzi, ngenxa yokuba ukuzakhela iphedi sungula iminyaka emibini.

Iingxaki ze namhlanje

Namhlanje, i Baikonur edume zeza amaxesha kunokuba nzima. Ukuqala le ngxaki kuqwalaselwa ngo-2009, xa ndayeka emkhosini, yaye into isusiwe ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo lwe-Arhente Federal Space. Kwaye bonke ngenxa yokuba, kunye spaceport mkhosi elahlekile yaye isixa kakhulu yemali ngaphambili labelwe uqeqesho kunye nokuvavanywa.

Kakade ke, lo sungula enomjukujelwa Hewana kwakhona kuzisa imali, kodwa kule mihla le esingenziwanga ngokufuthi kangangoko olusebenzise, xa rocket anyothule phantse veki nganye. Noko ke, le spaceport iseyeyona njengenkokheli yehlabathi xa uqala isithuba.

elikhulu Russian

Kodwa, ucinga sites lokwazisa kwehlabathi, kungaba okungalungile ukungahlawuli ingqalelo kwezinye izinto ezifanayo, enye apho ibekwe phezu kummandla Russian Federation. izakhono zobugcisa kunye utyale imali yayo zokwakha kunye nophuhliso ukuvumela ukuba zibaleka ukubonisa nobuninzi-Hewana kunye nezikhululo indawo Earth orbit.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - Russian izibuko space, ibekwe 180 km ukusuka Arkhangelsk. Object Size ilingana 176.200 hectares.

Plesetsk cosmodrome kubume bayo imbaxa kakhulu entsonkothileyo ezizodwa lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, nto leyo yenzelwe zombini imisebenzi mikhosi kwakunye ngeenjongo uxolo.

Ukubunjwa cosmodrome iquka izibonelelo ezininzi:

1. Izakhiwo xa bekusungulwa imijukujelwa yenethiwekhi.
2. Izakhiwo (ukunika imijukujelwa uqeqesho kunye nezinye izithuthi space).
3. Ukuzaliswa-station neutralization nemiba ngemiba yezemfundo. C ubekwe icala nge yayo zizomelezi, zikwenze.
4. Phantse 1,500 izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo.
5. izinto 237 ngokubonelela onke amandla cosmodrome.

lokudlala kude

Enye spaceport entsha eRashiya East, apho kufuphi nedolophu Tsiolkovsky kummandla Amur (Far East). Le izibuko isetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo emkhosini.

Ukwakhiwa kwendawo yaqalisa ngo-2012 yaye ngokubonakalayo kunye amanyundululu urhwaphilizo ezahlukeneyo kunye nogwayimbo lwabasebenzi ngenxa non-intlawulo yemivuzo.

Ukuphehlelelwa yokuqala ukusuka Baikonur East wathabatha kwenzeka kutshanje - Aprili 28, 2016. Qala bavunyelwe ukuba bangene orbit Hewana ezintathu ngumntu. Kulo mzekelo, kwisiza ngexesha abathwali kuqaliso wayekho ngokobuqu Russian uMongameli Vladimir Putin, kwaye Russian uSekela Prime Minister nguDmitry Rogozin kunye yintloko yolawulo yesicelo Sergei ivanov.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lokwazisa abaphumeleleyo kuloo Baikonur East lwaqhutywa kuphela kulo yesibini umzamo. Ekuqaleni kwacetywa isithuthi launch "Soyuz 2.1A" ukuqala ngo-Aprili 27, kodwa nje umzuzu kunye nesiqingatha phambi kokuqalisa oluzenzekelayo kurhoxiswa yona. Guide Roscosmos wachaza isiganeko ukungaphumeleli ngengozi kwinkqubo yolawulo, kwaze oko kwakhokelela ngokusesikweni laye lamiselwa ukuba imini.

Uluhlu lweziza ngokubhengezwa ephambili yale planethi

Ngoku ekhoyo sites lokwazisa zehlabathi bahlelwe ngokwezi kumhla iqaliswa Orbital lokuqala (okanye ukuzama), kwakunye nenani ngempumelelo start-ups kunye nokusilela. Zibhale ngoku sijongeka njengoku:

1. Baikonur.
2. Base of the United States Air Force eCape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin Yar (Russia).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Russia).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Centre (United States).
11. Woomera (Australia).
12. Kuru (France, i Space Agency European).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. IZiko loFikelelo olwenziwe Lula (India).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Israel).
19. Al-Anbar (Iraq).
20. Free (Russia).
21. Alcantara (saseBrazil).
22. Musudan (North Korea).
23. "Ulwandle Launch" (Russia, eUnited States, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Uvavanyo Site (USA).
26. Semnan (Iran).
27. Naro (South Korea).

Inkokeli American

Cape Canaveral (USA) ezisetyenziswa yi emkhosini ukususela 1949. Kwaba ngoko ukuba iinjineli umkhosi baqalisa imifuniselo zabo ngokusungula imijukujelwa uluhlu olude. indawo ogama Konyulwa akukho ngozi, kuba spaceport ibekwe kufutshane kakhulu-ikhweyitha, yaye oku, neliya, ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise amandla ukujikeleza umhlaba wethu lokunikezela irula. Ngo-1957, urhulumente wagqiba kwelokuba okuqalisa yisathelayithi ogama Vanguard TV3. Ngelishwa, ukuzama aluphumelelanga (rocket liqhuma).

Ukususela 1958, esazisa imijukujelwa owayeza kukhokelela arhente NASA. Nangona kunjalo, lo launch ngokusesikweni isekhona ekuqalisweni kwe-US kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. Space Harbour iqulathe sites wamqalisa 38, 4 kuzo ezisebenzayo.

indawo avant-garde French

Guiana Space Centre, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba Kourou spaceport (French Guiana), limile-mpuma yoMzantsi Merika. Le into yakhiwa kwi-Atlantic kunxweme phakathi izixeko ezibini: Sinnamary kunye Kourou. Baikonur ise ukusebenza odibeneyo Arhente Space European kunye National Centre for Space Studies.

Le ndawo iqala okokuqala wathumela rocket emajukujukwini Aprili 9, 1968. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba launch iqhele ezingamakhulu amahlanu yeekhilomitha ukusuka kumgca sentshinyela ngcono ukusebenza kwinqwelomoya kwi a orbit kobasemhlabeni wethu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba indawo okuyo ye zibuko zangaphandle yokuba ekujikeni ukuqala usoloko ulingana degrees 102, kodwa eli nani kakhulu usinika uluhlu trajectories iqala izinto zingasetyenziswa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Ukusebenza kwe-pad sungula kakhulu kangangokuba oko kwatsala ingqalelo iinkonzo ezininzi ukusuka kumazwe amaninzi: USA, Canada, eJapan, Brazil, India, Azerbaijan.

Ngo-2015, i-Arhente Space European utyale ngaphezu € 1.6 billion kweli yotshintsho kweziseko cosmodrome. Kwakhona, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ifanelwe nqanaba liphezulu ukhuseleko ziko. Space Harbour ibekwe kwindawo ukuba inabantu wambu ihlathi zemvula. Kweli sebe gqa ngokwayo. Ngaphezu koko, akukho bungozi nkqu iinyikima olubuthathaka kakhulu okanye iinkanyamba. Ukukhuselwa eliphezulu sisifo lwangaphandle kwi spaceport ibekwe 3 webutho of the AseFransi (France).

iprojekthi edibeneyo

Launch platform "Odyssey" kukuthi, enyanisweni, noziqulathe-ngokwaso, catamaran enkulu semi-ngwenya. Isibonelelo yakhiwa eNorway ngokusekelwe eqongeni oyile. Ukubunjwa spaceport mobile echazwe ziquka:

• kuqaliswa pad;
• ukuqalisa lokulayisha;
• inkqubo yokuzaliswa amafutha kunye arhente oxidizing;
• inkqubo yolawulo ubushushu;
• ukubonelela inkqubo nitrogen;
• cable-imasti.

yokuqalisa indawo Maritime abasebenzi in inani labantu 68. Kubo, yakhekani iikota ophilileyo, iziko lonyango kunye nendawo yokutyela.

kwiqonga Ngokusekelwe kwi kwizibuko Long Beach, California (USA yaseMzantsi). Kule ndawo dislocation esisigxina kushishino lwabo isithuba elikhulu zoshishino bafika phantsi amandla ayo, yenza indlela yakhe esebenzisa Strait of Gibraltar, Suez Canal kunye Singapore.

isiphelo

Ekugqibeleni Ndingathanda ukuqaphela ukuba zonke spaceports ezikhoyo namhlanje ehlabathini kuvumela abantu ukuba kuphuhliswe ngamandla kunye nokuphonononga isithuba. Ngenxa sites izixhobo ukususwa kwi ukujikeleza koMhlaba ikhutshwa phandle izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo emkhosini kunye nomkhosi.