Imvuselelo: Yintoni Renaissance, yaye yintoni imiphumo yayo?

Imbali Europe uyazi iziganeko esemqoka eziliqela ngezimanga, nto leyo etshintsha ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso kwihlabathi abemi balo. Enye yezi milestones yaba Renaissance. Yintoni Renaissance (la magama alingana)?

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale Renaissance

Imvuselelo wabiza ixesha ukuba indawo bamaXesha Aphakathi. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIV kwezinye iingingqi (ingakumbi Italy) bekusoloko ukukhula kwenkcubeko. Waphambukela umdla abantu kwimbali yabo nobudala. Oku, kwakhokelela ekukhuleni ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ukusasazwa zobuntu kunye umdla lomntu.

Esinye isizathu sokuba ekuqaleni ezi nkqubo yaba kokuwa kweConstantinople. BaseByzantium uBukhosi, nto leyo esele ikhona iminyaka eliwaka, wawa phantsi kuhlaselo Muslim Turks. AmaGrike amaninzi akazange afune ukuba amngcatshe ukholo lwamaKristu waza wabaleka ukuya eNtshona Yurophu. Izazinzulu bathatha iincwadi zamandulo, leyo ngokukhawuleza zaguqulelwa Latin kunye neelwimi zelizwe. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ama-Renaissance. Yintoni na le Renaissance in Italy? Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuvela leeklasi ezintsha entlalweni, ezibe elizimeleyo ubudlelwane endala feudal ngaphakathi neNgonyama.

Inani elikhulu ziiriphabliki Italian yokuveze kubananisi, oosonzululwazi kunye nabanye abantu uhlobo olutsha. Phakathi kwabo wazalwa nobuntu - umdla kwindalo yabantu nobuntu. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba isikolo encinane zobulumko.

Noko ke, ukuba zibe ngamaziko ezintsha zophando lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. E Italy, kwaqalisa uphuhliso zokuprinta iintlobo ezintsha zobugcisa. Buyinto ebalulekileyo kukuba kwimfundo waqala ukunika imali tycoons zasekuhlaleni kunye neentsapho anempembelelo kunye ixabiso eliphezulu ngomnatha.

Centres of Renaissance Florence neRoma waqala. Pope Julius II wenza lukhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba i "sixeko engunaphakade" asebenza ngayo bemeko- inkulu kwexesha. Ngaphandle lweshishini lakhe kunzima ukuthelekelela Renaissance. Yintoni ukuthini ingqalelo nangakumbi yeCawa ukuya ngabapeyinti kunye abakroli? Oku kwabonisa ukuba bakwazi ukuyila, ngenkxaso bantu banempembelelo eItali. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho iinkosi ezifana kaMichelangelo kunye Raphael. Renaissance ngabapeyinti wadala Imizobo ezinkulu esekelwe isigcawu zeBhayibhile. Ngoku imisebenzi yabo azihombise iicawa ezininzi kwaye kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Leonardo da Vinci

World Renaissance inkcubeko eliya kugqitywa ngaphandle uLeonardo da Vinci. Imizobo yayo mihle ezichazayo woyisa bexesha nokuqhubeka sekufika abantu benkulungwane xxi. Ukongeza, kuba yaziwa ngokuba umsunguli. iingcamango yakhe kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo le Renaissance. Ntoni na umntu? ukuba isebenza njani yaye phi indawo yakhe? Zonke ezi yimibuzo Italian enkulu.

Renaissance amagcisa abazange bakwazi lidlule yakhe "Mona Lisa." Lo mfanekiso liye laba uphawu jikelele le ingqiqo ubuhle la hetisekeke.

Ukuvuselelwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu

Ngasekupheleni Renaissance historiography ebizwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVI. Ngelo xesha, ubugcisa nenkcubeko baye bafudukela kwinqanaba entsha, kungekuphela Italy kodwa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Amaziko Renaissance baba iJamani, i-Netherlands ne England.

The British bayazidla countryman zabo edumileyo yase - William Shakespeare. Ngaphandle kwakhe, ukuvuselelwa uncwadi aluyi kugqibelela. Amahlaya yakhe, iintlekele ziye zaba ezakudala lixesha le ndawo.

neNguquko

wezakwalizwi christian uMartin Luther ngomnye amanani ezibalulekileyo Renaissance. Le German wayengonwabanga yamaKatolika iCawa. izifundo zakhe ukuyilahla ababingeleli ezonakeleyo kunye ububi zonqulo, waqokelela amawaka abaphulaphuli.

Luther ingakumbi bawuphikisa bagxeka imithetho omtsha, ngokwendlela amaKristu akwazi ukuthenga ukuba kwezono imali (uxolelo lwezono). Iimbono eNtshumayeli odumileyo neziphumo 95. October 31, 1517, uMartin zaxhonywa phezu emnyango ibandla kwidolophu waseJamani ka eWittenberg. kamva Le episode odumileyo baba luphawu ekuqaleni yoHlaziyo.

Ngoko wabiza inkqubo fomato yamaKatolika iCawa. AmaKristu German waxabana eRoma ukuze inertia yakhe conservatism. Oku kwakhokelela ezininzi iingxabano zonqulo. Le apotheosis kwalo ungquzulwano phakathi amaKatolika namaProtestanti yaba Iminyaka Engamashumi War 1618-1648 gg.

Ukulwa uxhomekeko ibandla kwakhokelela ekubeni uluntu lwaseYurophu iye wempangelo. Abanye ixesha AmaProtestanti kwindawo nzima kakhulu. Abaninzi kubo kwinkulungwane XVII waya Intshona Melika, apho baye bakwazi ukwakha uluntu olutsha ngokwenene.