Indawo yesimo se-tundra. Iimpawu zendawo yendawo ye-tundra

I-Tundra ihlanganisa indawo esemantla yaseRashiya neKhanada. Ubume balo bunqongophe, kwaye iimeko zemozulu zithathwa njengenzima. Ngenxa yezi mpawu, wathola elinye igama-intaba yaseArctic. Ukuba ucinga ngendawo yokuhlala ye-tundra, uyabona ukuba le ndawo ibandakanya iziqithi ezisecaleni lase-Arctic Ocean, kunye nenyakatho yeRashiya neKhanada.

Indawo yendawo ye-tundra

Inqanawa yaseArctic yandisa umda omkhulu phakathi kolwandle lonke lwe-Arctic Ocean. Lapha isimo sezulu asibonakaliswa ngotshani kunye namaqondo aphezulu aphezulu, kwaye uhlobo ludlala kwaye luphantsi. Kwixesha elide, ubusika buhlala iinyanga ezilisithoba, kwaye ehlobo kunzima kakhulu.

Ukushisa okuphantsi kukhokelela ekubeni umhlaba ukhululeka kwaye awuyi kunyibilika ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kuphela uluhlu oluphezulu luyoncibilika. Kuloo ndawo yendalo, akukho mihlathi nemithi ende. Lo mmandla ucebile kwimifula, i-rivulets, i-mosses, i-lichens, izityalo eziphantsi kunye nezihlahla ezinokuphila kwiimeko ezinzulu. Iimpawu zazo eziguquguqukayo kunye nokuphakama okuncinci kulungelelanise ukuphefumula kwamandla.

Kwiindawo ezininzi unokubona ama-glaciers okanye iiplanga. Kwinqanaba elithile kukho uluhlu oluxabisekileyo lwamachibi amancinci angancinci. Ingakumbi iyakubonwa kwimaphu yaseKhanada, eRashiya, eFinland. Isikhundla sendawo ye-tundra senza ukuba kubekho amanzi amaninzi emifula.

Yintoni enomdla malunga nalo mmandla wasentla

Omnye unako ukuphawula iimpawu ezinobungakanani bendawo yendawo ye-tundra. Ukusuka ngasenyakatho kuze kube sezantsi kunamacandelwana amathathu. I-artictic subzone ifumaneka kufuphi ne-Arctic Ocean, kwaye ithathelwa indawo yi-moss-lichen, indawo ephethe iibhoksi ezinamahlathi, izihlahla ze-cloudberry kunye nemigodi ye-polar iya phezulu . I-tundra ngokwayo inhle kakhulu. Ehlotyeni ungabona indlela ekhanya ngayo imibala eqaqambileyo. Yonke into enokubonga kwimifudo ye-blueberries, i-blueberries, i-cranberries, i-cranberries.

Imozulu kwintlango ye-arctic

Ukulandelwa kwendawo ye-tundra kunezibonakaliso eziphantsi zerhafu yemali yonyaka. Ubusika kule ndawo lihlala iminyaka elinesibhozo, ukuba kungengabo bonke, iinyanga ezilisithoba. Kukho ubusuku obuhle ngokugqithiseleyo. Kwixesha elibandayo, amaqabunga nemimoya yinto eqhelekileyo. Ukushisa kwebusika ngoJanuwari kwiNgxenye yeYurophu ye-tundra ifike kwi-degrees ezili-10 ngaphantsi kwe-zero. Nangona kunjalo, kufuphi nempuma, imeko yemozulu iya kuba yilizwekazi elibukhali. Ngoko ke, ukushisa kweJanuwari kunokufikelela kuma -50 nangaphantsi kwee-degrees Celsius.

Ihlobo alinakuhlala ixesha elide, libandayo kwaye linomoya, usuku olude lwe- polar luyabonwa . Ngokuqhelekileyo ukushisa komoya ngo-Julayi ayikho ngaphezu kwama-degree degrees Celsius, unako ukubona imvula enefuthe kunye nenkungu. Indawo yendawo ye-tundra eRashiya ngummandla ovela kwicala lasentshonalanga yelizwe ukuya kwi- Bering Strait. I-1/6 yommandla wonke welizwe. E-Siberia, ubukhulu becala buyabonwa ukusuka enyakatho ukuya kumzantsi.

I-blizzard eqinile kunye nemimoya yomsindwangu yizinto eziqhelekileyo kule ndawo. Ziyingozi kakhulu kangangokuthi abanokuthi bangqongqo phantsi kungekhona nje umntu, kodwa kunye neyondo.

Yiyiphi i-tundra ehlobo?

Ziziphi iimpawu zendawo yeendawo ze-tundra ehlobo? Ngeli xesha lonyaka, unokufumana amakhowe anokutya kunye nama-berries amnandi, atyhidiwe ngekhaphethi enombala, kwaye unokubona ukutya kweenkomo zezilwanyana ezizidlayo. Ngoko bafuna ukutya ehlobo. I-Deer yondla konke abakubonayo: i-lichens, amaqabunga ama-shrub. Ebusika, nabo baya kufumana ukutya ngendlela ye- moser moss.

I-flora ekhethekileyo

Ihlabathi eliphilayo le-tundra lihluphekile. Inhlabathi yeTundra-gley yale ndawo ayinakubizwa ngokuba yi-fertile, kuba ichithwe ngokupheleleyo. Azikho zonke izityalo ezinokuphila kwiimeko ezinzulu ezisentla, apho zingabikho ukushisa nokukhanya kwelanga. Eyona nto ingcono iindawo ezinamaqabunga kunye nama-mosses, i-polar poppy, ixuku elimnyama, inkosana, i-lydia yexesha elide, i-majee, i-saxifrage, i-snowcock kunye nabanye. Ezi zityalo ziyinto engaqhelekanga kubantu abemi bezilwanyana zasendle. Ziziphi ezinye iindawo eziqhelekileyo ezinokuthi zibonwe kule ndawo? Iintlobo ezingama-300 zeentyantyambo kunye neentlobo ezi-800 zeentlobo ze-lichens and mosses.

Zonke izityalo apha ziyi-dwarfish. Okuthiwa "ihlathi" kunokufikelela kuwe emadolweni, kwaye "umthi" awuyi kuba ngaphezu kwefungus. Isikhundla sendawo ye-tundra ayifanelekanga kumahlathi, kodwa yonke into ngenxa ye-permafrost egcinwe iminyaka emininzi.

Izilwanyana zommandla wengingqi

Kwiindawo ezisemagqabini ezinamaqabunga unokuzibona iintaka ezinokugqithisa. Indawo yendawo yendawo yendalo ye-tundra ifanelekile kwezo zilwanyana ezikhetha ulwandle. Umlinganiselo omkhulu wamanzi yindawo ehle kakhulu yokuloba amanzi: i-geese, amadada, iigags. Unokuhlangabezana nama-passers, i-waders, i-waterfowl, i-white geese, i-falcon-i-peregrine falcon, i-tundra partridge, i-lark. Apha awuyi kufumana izilwanyana ezidliwayo, kodwa kubammeli bama-amphibians unokuhlangana namaxoxo. Sekunjalo ihlabathi lezilwanyana licebile kwiimvundla, i-fox emhlophe, i-folar fox, iimpungushe, iingcuka, iimbombo ezimhlophe kunye ezimdaka, i-musk musk iinkomo kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, i-reindeer. Iifama zaseTundra zizityebi kwiintlobo zeentlanzi - i-salmon, i-dallia.

Umlindi waseMntla - omnye ummandla weentlango zaseArctic

Abayiyo kuphela into, kodwa kunye nesimboli sokuba ummandla we-tundra uyaziqhayisa. Indawo yokuhlala kwezi zilwanyana zikulungele ukuhlala. Akho nje kuphela emoyeni ovulekile, kodwa nakwiiqithi ze-Arctic Ocean. Yaye abo kuphela bavela kwintsapho yamaqabane angaba khona apha. Singazibona iimpondo ezinkulu kubini nababhinqa. Umthombo oyintloko wokutya we-reindeer yi-plant tundra. Ezi ziqatha (i-yagel), i-buds, utshani, amahlumela amancinci. Ebusika, banokukhipha izityalo eziphantsi kwekhephu, ngelixa beliphula ngeentonga.

Inqwebo yeenwele zebhondi ebusika ixakekile kwaye ide, i-underwear isiqulunqwe kakuhle (ukugcina ubushushu kwiqabunga ezinzima). Ehlotyeni kuba yinto engabonakaliyo kwaye kulula. Umbala wehlobo lohlobo lwe-deer - ukusuka kwi-gray to brown. Ebusika kunamhlophe. Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo seenqanawa sivumela i-reindeer ukuba iphumelele kwaye ihambe ngokukhawuleza emanzini amaninzi kunye nekhephu elibi. Ezi zilwanyana ziyinkomo kunye nesithembu.

Ebusika, baya kwiindawo apho kudliwe khona amadlelo amakhulu. Iikhilomitha ezilikhulu okanye ngaphezulu ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala ehlotyeni akuyona ingxaki yokufuduka kwebusika kwebusika. Ayenzi i-molt ngaphezu kweyodwa ngonyaka. Esi silwanyana sinobubele, sinomqondo ococekileyo wokunuka, kwaye sisayazi ukuba sishukume. I-Deer inokudada ngokukhawuleza kumanxweme nasemifuleni.

Ziziphi iinxalenye zendalo ezidibeneyo kwinqanaba le-tundra

Ukuba sibheka indawo yokuhlala kwimihlaba, kuya kuphawulwa ukuba inxalenye yehlathi iqala. Yile ndlela ivela ngayo ihlathi lehlathi. Ilula ngaphaya kwemida yomzantsi we-tundra. Sekuncinane ukufudumala - ehlobo iqondo lokushisa lifikelela kuma-14 degrees Celsius. Kwi-tundra ehlathini kukho ubuninzi bemvula, engenawo ixesha lokukhuphuka. Ngale ndlela, kuvela imilambo. Ukutya okusemgangathweni kwimilambo yendawo enzulu yinkqantosi ikhethiweyo. Iinyanga zokuqala zasehlobo ziphakamileyo zamanzi aphezulu. Indawo yendawo ye-tundra ihamba ngokukhawuleza inika i-forest-tundra.

Umntu uye waqala ukuhlola indawo esenyakatho. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuma komhlaba, okugqithise ngaphezu kwe-Arctic Circle, kwakuninzi luhlala kwaye luguqulwa. Ukuloba elwandle ngumsebenzi ophambili wezizwe ezisentla: i-Chukchi ne-Eskimos. Ukuzingela izilwanyana zasekuhlaleni kuye kwabeka izithethe zayo zokutya kunye nesimbolo seengubo. Ukutya kwezilwanyana zasemanzini, inyama yeentlanzi, intlanzi, iinkuku zizinto zokutya eziphambili. Ngombulelo wokuzalisa i-reindeer kunye nokuzingela, izikhumba zoboya zifunyanwa ebomini nakwezinye izilwanyana, ezizisebenzisa njengengubo.

Kunokuba ihlathi le-tundra lihluke kwi-tundra

I-Lesotundra ifumaneka kummandla phakathi kwe-tundra kunye ne-taiga. Kwiintlambo zemilambo unokwazi ukubona amahlathi amaninzi ngemithi ende. Yile ndlela iimeko zendawo ye-tundra ne-forest tundra ehluka ngayo. Lapha phakathi kwemilambo unokufumana iinqwelwana ezincinci zemithi ephantsi enegubungela. Ihlobo le lifudumele kwaye lide. Ngenxa yobukho bemithi, isivinini somoya apha asinakuvakalelwa kakhulu kwi-tundra, apho indawo ivulekileyo.

Ukususa i-tundra ehlathini ukusuka elwandle kunomdla kwiindiza ezinzima ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo. Umhlaba uyancwina kakhulu, kwaye i-permafrost ibonwa kuphela kwiindawo ezithile. Ukubonelela ngokubanzi kwemilambo kwakhona ikhephu elithambileyo.