Umthetho wolondolozo lobuninzi namandla. Impumelelo enkulu yezesayensi yehlabathi

Ukufunyanwa kwamamolekyu kunye nama-athomu yiyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni i-theory-molecular theory. Emuva ngo-1748, unosayensi omkhulu waseRashiya uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov waqulunqa umthetho wolondolozo lwabantu njengengqiqo yefilosofi. Kamva, yena ngokwakhe waletha ubungqina obunamandla kunye nengqiqo kubungqina bakhe, kwaye kwenzeka ngo-1756. Ngaphandle kwenzululwazi yaseRashiya, isazi samachiza saseFransi uAl Lavoisier sasebenza kule ngxaki. Wacetyisela ubungqina bakhe ngo-1789.

Umthetho wolondolozo lobuninzi bomcimbi uthi inani labantu bonke abangena kwi- chemical response reaction lilingana nobuninzi bezinto eziyimveliso yempendulo. Iindlela zokuqala zokubonisa ubungqina bokuba ukugcinwa kwabantu abazange baphumelele ngempumelelo. Inyaniso kukuba iimvavanyo ezenziwa phambi kweLomonosov zisekelwe kukutsha kwezinto. Iziphumo zokulinganisa ngaphambi nangemva kokuba impendulo ayivumelani nento ecacileyo, kodwa ingagqitywanga kwi-theory. Ukutshaya umoya nge-mercury kubangela ukuba kubekho umbala obomvu, kwaye ubunzima bawo bukhulu kunokuba ubunzima bezinyithi. Ngomlotha ovela emva kokuvutha komthi, isiphumo sasiyinto echaseneyo, ubunzima bomkhiqizo behlale buphantsi kobunzima bezinto ngaphambi kokuba kuphendulwe.

Imbeko yeLomonosov iqulethwe kukuba ukuba ukubonisa ubungqina bokulondoloza ubunzima, okokuqala waqhuba uvavanyo lweenkqubo ezivaliweyo. Ukulula kwamava kwaphinde kwabonisa ubungqina bosayense waseRussia. Isinyithi esinekhenkethi uLomonosov efakwe kwisitya seglasi esitywinwe. Emva kokuphendula ngokuphumelelayo, ubunzima bomkhumbi abuzange buguquke. Kwaye kuphela xa isitya sichithwa, kwaye umoya wagijimela ngaphakathi, kwabakho ukwanda kwinqanawa.

Inkcazo yeengcamango zolu vavanyo yanikezwa ngumgca wokudibanisa wempendulo yokutshisa izityambo. Ukwanda kwimizimba kubangelwa ukongezwa kwee-athomu ze-oksijini kwimveliso ye-oxidation. Emva kokungqina umthetho wokulondoloza ubuninzi, uLomonosov wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-theory-molecular theory. Ngokwenza oko, waphinde wabonisa ukuba i-athomu ayimbonakalo engabonakaliyo. Izakhiwo zee molecular zitshintsha ngexesha lokuphendula, zitshintshisa ii-atom phakathi kwazo, kodwa inani labo (i-athomu) kwinkqubo evaliweyo ayiguqukanga. Ngako oko, ubunzima bebonke bezinto zihlala njalo.

Umthetho wokulondoloza ubuninzi ngowona mnikelo wokuqala ekufundeni umzekelo wendalo jikelele. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo kule ndlela zenze ukuba kube lula ukubonisa ukuba kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo akukho kuphela ukugcinwa kwabantu. Amandla kwenkqubo ekhethiweyo ihlala njalo. Naliphi na inkqubo eyenzekayo kwinkqubo ekhuselekile ayivelisi okanye ibhubhise ubuninzi okanye amandla. Kwaye kwabizwa ngokuba yinto ebonakaliswa ngokuzayo: umthetho wokulondoloza ubuninzi namandla. Imisebenzi yeLomonosov ibone ubungqina bolu khetho olulodwa lomthetho omkhulu wendalo.

Kodwa kulolu lwazi lwehlabathi elikujikelezayo alupheli. Imisebenzi ka-Einstein yesazi ephakamileyo ngakumbi, kwiingcamango zakhe akabonakali nje ukudibana kwamandla kunye nobunzima, kodwa wenza nokwenza ingqiqo ngokuphathelele ukuguquka kwabo. Yintoni ebonakalayo eqondakalayo kumntwana wesikolo oqhelekileyo wakhiwa kwiinkqubo zokwenza iimvavanyo kunye nokufundiswa kweengxelo kwiinkulungwane ezintathu zokugqibela. Inzululwazi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yesayensi yesendalo iqokelele iqonga elinamandla lobungqina bemithetho kunye nokuqonda kweengqiqo "zamandla" kunye "ubunzima".

Hhayi kuphela i-physics kunye ne-chemistry, kodwa kunye nezinye iinzululwazi zisebenzise ngokuthe ngqo ukudibanisa kunye nomgaqo wokulondoloza ubuninzi namandla. I-biology, i-geography, kunye nesayensi yeenkwenkwezi zifumana ukusetyenziswa komthetho wolondolozo lobuninzi namandla. Kwaye ifilosofi phantsi kweempembelelo zalo mthetho iye yakha imbono yanamhlanje ngabantu.