Inkcazelo esibhakabhakeni. Imephu kwesibhakabhaka

Inkcazelo esibhakabhakeni - umsebenzi ahlala iingqondo iinkcuba amaninzi embalini. Ukudibanisa iinkwenkwezi engafani kumanani, nokuqonda ingqiqo intshukumo ukukhanya kuyimfuneko ukuze qhelwaniso nezifundo endle, nangenxa ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo bulumko, echaza imithetho kunye nolwakhiwo iphela.

Ukudibanisa iinkwenkwezi

Ubuchopho bomntu yenzelwe ukuze naziphi izinto randomly wazabela uzama ukuqonda ingqiqo emva amachaphaza saa kwaye onganxulumananga ukuze ubone unhombiso eziqhelekileyo. esibhakabhakeni ngaphandle imephu yale propati ukuba abazange bafike khona. Abantu ukususela ekudalweni ephucuke yokuqala ubhidwe kuqwalaselwa isibhakabhaka ebusuku waza wabona kuso ngendlela yesiqhelo: bambi, amagorha, izinto. Ngoko wabonakala namakroza kuqala. Bona baba yeemanyano iinkwenkwezi ezingabamelwane kukho indlela ethile. Isinkwenkwezi lula ukuba ukhumbule izikhanyiso indawo yaye ngenxa yoko, orientation kule ntlango usebenzisa kubo.

Ekuqaleni, lo inkcazo Sky yaba iseti namakroza badla ayangenana. Amalungu ihlabathi inxulumene ngqo imifanekiso emibini wasezulwini, kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo basala ngaphandle, ngenxa yokuba inani elincinane iinkwenkwezi kuloo mmandla ukuba incamathele naziphi na imilindo.

esakhiweni

Inkcazelo esibhakabhakeni ngohlobo iimephu ezibonisa namakroza yokuqala ukuvela kwi BC ngenkulungwane II. e. Hipparchus laseNicea wamenza enye inkulu izazi zamaGrike. imephu kwakhe izulu iqulethe nakwiinkwenkwezi 48 kwaye zincediswa ikhathalogu leenkwenkwezi 850. Thile emva koko, i-BC kwinkulungwane II. e., i-luhlu esongezelelwe nguPtolemy. umsebenzi yakhe edumileyo "Almagest" sele eziqulathwe izikhanyiso 1022, yahlulwe efanayo namakroza 48.

Ixesha elide, de ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII, umsebenzi kwePtolemy, ubuncinane ukwenzela astronomi yaseYurophu kube engundoqo, nangona lonke eli xesha, eli luhlu esongezelelwe namakroza ezintsha. Umfanekiso zasezulwini kwavela ikakhulu kwezo ndawo zezulu ukuba ayifumaneki iliso uPtolemy. Kwinkulungwane XVII Yan Gevely, Scientist Polish, uye wanda uluhlu iinkwenkwezi de 1533 waza wadala sabheka yakhe inkwenkwezi odumileyo "Uranographia" kunye imifanekiso amahle. Kwakhona wongezelela ezimbalwa namakroza ezintsha.

General Assembly IAU

Noko ke, inkcazelo zezulu eyenziwe Hevelius, yayingafani mihla. iimpawu Eqhelekileyo ngayo kwathengwa kuphela ngo-1922, xa ndadibana kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Yena yamkele uluhlu 88 kwamaqoqo nesetyenziswa namhlanje. Kwaye itshintshe kakhulu intsingiselo yegama elithi "umlaza". Namhlanje, oko esingaqondwayo inani elithile leenkwenkwezi eynza ipateni ethile, kodwa ezayo izulu zonke izinto cosmic ezibekwe phezu kwawo. Imida kwezi ndawo ngokwemigaqo ezinye utshintsho ekugqibeleni yavunywa ngo-1935.

amagama

Inkcazelo isibhakabhaka ebusuku esinokwenziwa ngaphandle ulwazi lwamagama eyabelwe nakwiinkwenkwezi kunye adalwa ngamnye. Ukuziqhelisa ngamazwe, basebenzisa amagama Latin lwemifanekiso izikhakhamela. Oku kwenza izazinzulu baqondane kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Noko ke, iincwadi zezifundo kunye noncwadi ezithandwayo kwi astronomi zonke iintlanga kukho udluliselo wenza olubhalo ngolwimi lweenkobe. esilingana noluqondakalayo kudla ngokuba nzima ukukhetha. Ngokuba, umzekelo, xa uncwadi lwethu kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo apho izinja isiqaqa isiqaqa Berenice, Canes kunye greyhounds njalo njalo.

Ngokumalunga nokonyulwa iinkwenkwezi, ezikhanya kubo amagama abo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa imvelaphi Arabhu. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, inawo onke ukukhanya kwamanani ngokwe nzululwazi. Ukongeza, ukususela ngenkulungwane XVI, wenza neenkwenkwezi ukuba bamakishe inani ethile yasezulwini oonobumba zamaGrike lwe-alfabhethi njengoko alpha lwabo ebumhlotsheni - inkokeli kule parameter, beta owesibini njalo njalo.

zifaka ezimbini

I intetho yentshukumo uyafana Umhlaba ikhweyitha wayo, nto leyo yenza ukuba libe zizabelo ezimbini. Isibhakabhaka yoMntla saseNtla yahlukile ngaphezu kwicandelo emazantsi kwisigaba: apha kukho kwenye inkwenkwezi. On komgca we-ikhweyitha zesibhakabhaka zibekwe kwamaqoqo, ebizwa zemvula. Bona yohlulwe yokuba ziyafumaneka ukuba esweni phantse naphi na ehlabathini.

Esibhakabhakeni yoMntla saseNtla kwindawo ekhethekileyo Little Dipper. Idume ukuba umlaza yayo encinci kwindawo aqaqambe - i-North Star osoloko eyayikuyo kwindawo enye Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izidumbu. Oku kubonisa indlela ukuya emntla. In the Southern saseNtla, ayakhanya "frozen" akukho iinkwenkwezi. Indima isalathisi esibondeni idlala umlaza ye-Southern Cross.

zavela

inkcazelo isibhakabhaka abuyonto ngaphandle wakukhankanya namakroza apho eyipasile indlela elikhangeleka ngayo izijikelezi-langa nenyanga nelanga. Kumalunga zokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngokwenene, oko kuquka akukho eyamkelwa ngomhla we-12 nowe-13 namakroza. "Extra" umzobo wasezulwini - yi Ophiuchus, leyo udlula embindini kwelanga ukususela-30 Novemba ukuya kwi-17 Disemba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo kuvunyiswa ngeenkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni xa bebonke kakhulu akufani njengoko wamkelwe kwi ngeenkwenkwezi. Umahluko umlaza "ezingeyomfuneko", hayi nje kuphela kodwa kwakhona ngexesha iLanga ukungena ngasinye amanani zesibhakabhaka, kwakunye ixesha lokuhlala kwakhe kubo. Umzekelo, kwi-umlaza Scorpius inkwenkwezi yethu ehlala iveki kuphela ukususela nge-23 ukuya kwi-29 Novemba.

engabonakali

Noko ke, iinkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo, izijikelezi olusondeleyo, kwakunye ilanga nenyanga asingabo bonke ukuze sibonwe esibhakabhakeni. Ukuba kukho ithuba neliso iteleskopu, yande kakhulu, yaye uye ithuba lokubona ezisebenzisanayo iinkwenkwezi kunye mafu-langa. Kakade ke, lo mfanekiso ukude akufani kwi imifanekiso "Hubble" odumileyo, kodwa exabisa jonga kwi oku.

Noko ke, ngaphandle izixhobo ezizodwa, unga zama ukubona kumnyele elikude angabamelwane. Andromeda Galaxy ifumaneka uyiqwalasela kumntla ikhweyitha namafu Magellanic, ezinkulu nezincinci - apha eMzantsi.

Night isibhakabhaka usimema iinkwenkwezi ukhanye, iimfihlelo yesiqalo kunye ezifihlakeleyo endaweni yonke. Kwiinzame zokusombulula abantu babo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo bazama ukwenza lula indawo yokugcina izikhanyiso, leyo simanyene namanani basezulwini kunye neemephu. Ngenxa yokwanda ulwazi nokuphucula izixhobo yakutshanje evuthiswe kuphela, siye ndazifumanela isakhiwo ngandlel 'ithile. Inkcazelo sangoku isibhakabhaka nzima ngakumbi nangakumbi kanye yokuba kwakunjalo ngexesha kwePtolemy, kodwa singatsho kakuhle ukuba neminyaka elikhulu kamva, abantwana baqale ukufunda ukuba babalise iitshati inkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni phezulu intloko yakhe ekhangela ukuba amanani yamandulo yasezulwini, wazichaza kububulumko ngakumbi Greek.