Potassium carbonate

Ukusuka asidi buthathaka (oko ukumelana encinane kwaye ikhona kuphela izisombululo yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano) ngokuthi zakudibana alkalis kwaye emuncu medium wafumana iityuwa ibizwa ngokuba ngenye bicarbonates kunye carbonates, ngokulandelelana kwazo. zibalo Reaction unako kubhalwa: H2CO3 + Koh → KHCO3 + H2O kunye H2CO3 + 2KOH → K2CO3 + 2H2O. In Akubuya zokuqala potassium hydrogencarbonate, kwaye eyesibini - carbonate potassium. Formula acid ityuwa - KHCO3, nakumndilili - K2CO3. mass izinyo potassium carbonate elingana 138,2 g / nolovane. Imbonakalo kufana ityuwa powder emhlophe crystalline, nto leyo izinto ezinokutsha, linyibilike kwi 891 C, ngaphandle kokuba abilayo, ityuwa abole. Ipotaziyam carbonate hygroscopic, enyibilikayo emanzini lula: ml 100 kwi-20 ° C - 110,5 g, yaye 100 C - 156 g yetyuwa. Kodwa utywala okanye acetone, le nto ayithethi ukunyibilika.

Ngemihla ezindala potassium carbonate, ekuthiwa potash, eli gama lisuka kwigama lesiLatini «potassa». Umanyolo yenye ityuwa endala, eziye eyaziwa abantu kudala. EYurophu, ukuya kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, umanyolo wayengomnye iikhemikhali ibalulekileyo ezinexabiso loshishino. ERashiya, kuba imveliso of potash yi uPetros Great ngo-1721, lo yedwa yasekwa. Okwangoku, ummandla Russian Federation, kwakunye eArmenia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Uzbekistan yikhemikhali zokukhutshwa interstate umgangatho GOST 10690-73. Potash iphathelene, ngokutsho GOST 12.1.005-88 ukuya izinto eklasini ingozi wesithathu, zadibana inwebu yangaphakathi okanye isikhumba ofumileyo ebangela ubuhlungu.

Ukuba kumxube potassium carbonate ngamanzi, ngoko nobushushu obuninzi wokupheliswa kwalo, ngamanye K2CO3 haydrolisis abasabela exothermic, naphantsi intshukumo amanzi ukuyilwa kwezinto ezintsha. ityuwa Dibasic ye asidi na stepwise hydrolyzed. Kuqala ityuwa acid: H2O + K2CO3 → KHCO3 + Koh. Emva koko, le yesibini isigaba aqhubeke yokubola amanzi kakubi sele ityuwa acid: H2O + KHCO3 → H2CO3 + Koh. Ekubeni haydrolisis potassium carbonate kwakunye nezinye iityuwa ubuthakathaka asidi uqhubeka kunye nokusekwa ion hydroxyl OH-, i-pH izisombululo zabo zolwelo lisoloko lingaphezulu kwe-7, kwaye eliphakathi awana.

Umanyolo ngenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya yayifunyenwe ukuhluzeka kuloko uthuthu iinkuni. Xa imisele yeplanga zalungiselelwa isisombululo kwealkali, ukutshiza ash amanzi ashushu. Esi sisombululo ke agalelwa eziko lwezitena kunye avuthayo iinkuni. Ipotaziyam carbonate ke acacisa maleko yehlathi kakhulu ezantsi eziko yi potash ezilahliweyo kufunxwa, wayibeka phezu imiphanda, Ukuxinana kubo hermetically. Kufuneka ikhono ethile, ukuba isisombululo ibe ngumphunga, yaye akazange proffer umlilo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi "polivachey" waqala ukufundisa elivisayo zabo, yaye kuphela emva kweminyaka embalwa izakhono ezithile ezifunyenwe kwaye abe inkosi ubugcisa bakhe. Umzekelo: Lo ngumlilo otshisayo usoloko kwakhiwa ash emhlophe, inxalenye enkulu ngayo - into umanyolo. Namhlanje laphumeza enye inkqubo yoshishino - ezifunyenwe electrolysis potassium hayidroksayidi ligqithise icarbon dioxide: 2KOH → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O. Ngenxa yoko potash kunye namanzi.

potassium carbonate isetyenziswa ekwenziweni iisepha kunye negilasi. Elabhoratri, lisetyenziswa njengendlela desiccant ezolileyo kwiimeko xa ezinye izinto ezifana calcium chloride okanye wemagniziyam sulfate, awavumelekanga. Asinto ayifanelekile iyoma iikhompawundi emuncu, kodwa zingasetyenziswa wokwaphusa izinto eziphilayo ezinomthamo phantsi ukungcola emuncu. Ipotaziyam carbonate isetyenziselwa ekulweni nemililo of udidi B, ekubeni libhekisela emigutyeni yemichiza abakwaziyo ziyibuyisela umva kwaye kucinywe inkqubo yokutsha. It has a ukusebenza mlilo ngaphezu iityuwa ezifana sodium carbonate, isodiyam sulfate, isodiyam fluoride okanye sodium hydrogen carbonate. ukusebenza kwawo inhibitory lweenkqubo yokutsha kwakhona ngaphezulu ngaphezu koko sodium carbonate, isodiyam sulfate, aluminiyamu oxide kunye calcium carbonate. Kushishino njengokwasesipilini K2CO3 isetyenziswa ukuvelisa yelebhu (elinjubaqa), iglasi enombala okanye umanyolo, kunye negilasi ngenxa zokubhala ukwenziwa. Ukongeza, umanyolo nokufunwa acid, ezolimo, unyango kunye nokutya mveliso.