Inkqubo yendawo "Rosetta": inkcazelo yesatellite kunye nesithombe

Xa ufunda malunga nokufunyanwa kwekhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo, kubonakala ukuba izinto ezithandekayo zifunyenwe kwaye zafundiswa, kwaye abahlali baxhalabisayo ngamandla enzululwazi yexesha elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kukude kwimeko. Inkqubela phambili, ezobugcisa kunye nezesayensi, ivumela uluntu ukuba lubekele iinjongo ezingakumbi kunye nokuzifezekisa. Phakathi kwezinto ezifanayo zinokuthi zenziwa kunye nokufundiswa kokuhlaziya ngokuncediswa kwezixhobo ezikwazi ukuhla ephezulu. Kwakungenxa yeenjongo ezinokuthi i-protebthi yaseRosetta yadalwa, i-spacecraft eya kwi-Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko ngo-2004. Ngaye kwaye uya kuxutyushwa ngezantsi.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Umsebenzi weRosetta akuyena kuphela umzamo wokuhlola iingqungquthela. Imbali yembambano iqala emva kwee-1980, xa iVega ne-ICE, i-Soviet ne-American-Yurophu izithuthi, zaza zadlula iidumbu zendawo, zanikwa kwaye zadlulisa ulwazi oluthe ngqo ngabo. Ezi ntla nganiso kunye nee-comets zazisa ulwazi oluninzi kwizenzululwazi. Ngokukodwa, umnqweno weso sidumbu se- cosmic ufotshwe , i- disc yensimbi yachithwa kwi-comet, kwaye emva kweminyaka emininzi iziphumo zokuwa ziye zabonwa, iisampuli zothuli ezisuka kumsila we-comet zanikelwa eMhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, iprojethi yaseRosetta ayinalo iifanekiso kwimbali yokuhlola indawo. Ngaphambi kokusekwa kuqala umsebenzi olukhuni ngakumbi: ukuba ube ngumngane womnye ixesha kunye nokuhla phezu komhlaba idivayisi "Phil" ngokuphanda ngokuthe ngqo kwento.

Utshintsho lomhlaba

Ekuqaleni, le nto yayikukuba yi-comet yaseVirtanen. Kwintliziyo yekhethelo ibeka indlela efanelekileyo yokuhamba kwendiza ye-cosmic kunye nezinye izinto eziye zanciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli komsebenzi wokuphanda weprobethi. Ukuze uhambe kwi-comet yaseVirtanen, i-satellite "i-Rosetta" kwakufuneka iqale ngoJanuwari 2003. Nangona kunjalo, malunga neenyanga ngaphambili, ngexesha lokuqaliswa, injini ye-Ariane-5 isithuthi sokuqalisa siphumelelanga. Ngenxa yoko, kugqitywe ekubeni ihlehlise ukuqaliswa kweprojekhthi kwaye ihlaziye inkqubo yendiza.

67P

Into entsha, apho iprojekthi ye-Rosetta yayimelwe ukuba ithunyelwe ngayo, yayiyi-67P comet, nayo ibizwa ngokuba yiChuryumov-Gerasimenko. Kwafunyanwa ngo-1969 nguKlim Churyumov kwiifoto ezathathwa nguSvetlana Gerasimenko. Into leyo i-comet-short-time comet: yonke iminyaka engama-6.6 ihamba ngeLanga. Umzila wendlela yokuhamba umda ukhawulelwe kwi-orbit yeJupiter. Impawu ebalulekileyo kubaphandi beli qhekeza kukuxhomekeka kokuhamba kwayo, oku kuthetha ukuba unako ukubala ngokuchanekileyo isisombululo esifanelekileyo somkhumbi.

Ulwakhiwo

Inkqubo "iRosetta" inesisombululo esikhulu, kwaye umxube we-downlink "uFila" akuyona yodwa inxalenye ebalulekileyo. Phakathi kwezixhobo, i-spectrometer ye-ultraviolet efunekayo ekuhlalutheni iigesi kumsila we-comet kunye nokuqulunqwa kobunzima bayo, amagumbi asebenzayo kuphela kwizinto ezibonakalayo kodwa nakwiindawo eziphambili ze-infraviolet kunye ne-infrared, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda ukubunjwa, ukushisa nokuhamba kweengqungquthela emsila wento, kwaye Ukumisela ukuhamba kwayo, ukuthunjwa kunye nezinye iimpawu. Zonke ezi zixhobo ziyimfuneko zombini ukufumana idatha kwi-comet, kunye nokufumana indawo efanelekileyo yokufika kuyo "i-Fila".

I-Rosetta iphambili: indlela yokuhamba

Ngaphambi kokuba ufinyelele injongo, i-apparatus iminyaka engama-10 ihamba ngokudlula esibhakabhakeni sehlabathi. Ixesha elide elinjalo lichazwa yidingo yokusondela kwi-comet "ukusuka ngasemva", ukulinganisa isivinini nokuhamba ngendlela efanayo. Kwiminyaka elishumi, i-satellite Rosetta yabuyela ngaphaya kwiplanethi yethu amahlanu. Wakwazi ukuhlangabeza iMars kunye nokuwela i-Main Belt ye-asteroids ngamaxesha amaninzi .

Yonke iminyaka elishumi, i-protefti yaseRosetta yathumela iifoto ezibalabalaweyo zezinto ezahlukeneyo kuMhlaba. Ukongeza kwintlalo yokuzonwabisa, bayathwala ulwazi lwezesayensi. Izazinzulu zathola imifanekiso emitsha yomhlaba we Mars, eyenza iphenyo "Rosetta", umfanekiso we-asteroids Steins noLutetia. Kakade, isixhobo kunye noMhlaba abazange bahoywa. Iifoto zepropto yaseRosetta zibonisa iplanethi yethu kwiindawo ezihlukahlukeneyo, kunye neemeko ezithile.

Convergence

Kuyo yonke indiza, iprojekthi yaseRosetta inenhlanhla. Ngexesha elithile ukuze asindise izixhobo, wayebhaptizwa ngobusika, apho wahlala khona kwiirekhodi ezingama-957. NgoJanuwari 2004, umthunywa weRosetta waqhubeka ngokuphumelelayo emva kokuba i-satellite ivuke. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima kunzima ukumlinda. Ubunzima bunzima obuya kuvela ngexesha lokufika komnyuli "Fila", oye wanikela kwi-quet "i-Rosetta". Ukubonakaliswa kwalo mzuzwana, okulungiswe yi- European Space Agency, kubonise ukuhamba okuthe tye kwezixhobo, kuhamba kunye nokukhululwa kweehabhu ezintathu. Kwaye kwakudingeka ukulungiswa kumphezulu we-comet enegunya lokukhusela elincinci ukuba inqabana encinci ingakhokelela ekushabalaleni kwezixhobo ze-Phil endaweni yangaphandle.

Ukuhlanganiswa ngokubanzi kwaphumelela, nangona kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhulula zonke iinqununu ezintathu. I-Module "Filas" ngexesha lokufika ngokuphindaphindiweyo kabini bounced on the surface kwaye kuphela okwesithathu ulawulwa umhlaba, ngelixa ehleli. Isiphumo salo ganeko sisisusa eso sixhobo kwisayithi ehlongozwayo yokumisela malunga neekhilomitha, kwaye abachaphazelekayo beprojekthi babengenako ukuphawula indawo apho "izixhobo" zeFila zihleli khona. Kuphela kuqondwa indawo yokufika.

Iiyure ezingama-57

Iingxaki ekuhlaleni zikhokelela kumnyuli we "Fila" ukubethelwa kwindawo ebonakalayo ngokusisigxina. Umthombo omkhulu wamandla we sixhobo iipaneli zelanga, ezingenakusebenza kumaqondo asezantsi ngaphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, ininzi yamandla isetyenziselwa ukufudumeza iibhetri, kodwa inani lelanga elikhoyo lalisencinane. I-Apparatus "Fila" ifakwe kwiimeko ezifana nebhetri ehlawulisiweyo, eyenzelwe iiyure ezingama-64. Usebenze, ke ke, kuphela 57. Ngeli xesha, imodyuli yeqhawe "i-Filas", eyona ndawo echanekileyo yayingaqinisekanga, idluliselwe kwiMhlaba inkcazelo eninzi malunga ne-comet, nokuba (mhlawumbi) yakwazi ukuphosa phezulu kwaye ithathe isampuli yomhlaba.

Kulo xesha "uRosetta" wayehlala elandela izenzo zeefayili "Fila", ezithunyelwa kuye nakwiimyalezo. Emva kokugqitywa komyuzululwazi, iprogram yaqalisa umsebenzi wayo wophando.

Ifomu

Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2015, amanqaku amaninzi enzululwazi ashicilelwe, equle inkcazo yeziphumo zophando. Enye yezinto ezinomdla ezixutyushwa kuzo yindlela engavumelekanga ye-comet. Umzimba we-cosmic ukhangeleka njengombhobho we- rubber: ngokubonakalayo unokukwazi ukwahlula intloko, isiqu nentamo. Ukufundwa kweedatha akukabizi impendulo kumbuzo wokuba i-comet 67P yavela ngenxa yokugqitywa kwezinto ezimbini zendawo, okanye ifom yayo - ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kweyona nto kunye nokukhukhula kwamanzi. Kwimeko yokuqala, isiganeko, esithathwa ukuba senzeke ekutshekeni kwelanga, iminyaka engama-4.5 amabhiliyoni edlulileyo, inokungqinelwa ukuba kukho ukungafani okubalulekileyo phakathi kwamacandelo amabini e-comet. Ukuqinisekiswa kwesibini ye-hypothesis kuyakubiza impendulo kumbuzo wendalo yemikhosi ekhokelela ekukhuseni okuninzi "entanyeni yendiza".

Ngoku kuyaziwa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-comet yangaphakathi inesakhiwo esiyingozi. Ngokwezenzululwazi, ukuxinwa kwengundoqo kubini ngaphantsi kwiparamitha efanayo yamanzi.

Uncedo

Inkqubo "Rosetta" kunye nesixhobo esithi "Fila" sidluliselwe eMhlabeni ubuninzi beemifanekiso zomhlaba we-67P. Kwafunyanwa iindunduma kunye neentaba, kunye nemigodi. Nangona kunjalo, amatye e-comet ahamba ngokukhawuleza afana nomhlaba. Ezinye zazo ziyi-dust compacted, ezininzi ziphumo zokusasazwa kwegesi kunye nothuli, oko kukuthi, basondele kwintlango yebarkhans kunokuba batye.

Ezinye zeenduli, ukuphakama kweemitha ezintathu ngaphezu komhlaba, zazibizwa ngokuba yi-goose bumps kwaye zibhekwa njengempawu zemfundo zamaninzi amaninzi e-cosmic. Ngokuqinisekileyo, bakha ngexesha lexa inkqubo yehlabathi isanda kuqalisa ukwenza, kwaye iqukethe uthuli oluqiniweyo kunye neqhwa.

Umvelaphi

Uphando lwezixhobo ezichaphazelekayo umxholo wamanzi kunye neekhabhoni zekhabhoni. Kwakubonakala ukuguqulwa kwimixholo yalezi zinto, ngokuhambelana nokujikeleza komzimba we-cosmic malunga ne-axis kunye nokutshintshwa kwamaxesha. Ukongezelela, kwavela ukuba i-67P yokwakheka kwayo inomlinganiselo omkhulu weemveliso zendalo kunye neqhwa elincinane kunokuba lifunyenwe.

Ezi nkcukacha zivumela ukuba sitsho ukuba i-comet, ngokuchasene noluvo lwabaphandi, lwakhiwe kwibhande laseKuiper elingaphaya kwe-orbit yase Neptune. Ekuqaleni, kwakukholelwa ukuba indawo yokwakhiwa kwe-67P ifumaneke kakhulu kwiJupiter.

Idatha yeRosetta kunye neFila zixhobo zichaphazelekayo kwiinkalo ze-comet, ubukhulu bayo kunye ne-magnetosphere. Inxalenye enkulu yabo ayiyi kuhlaziywa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumfanekiso ovela emva kokufunda nokucamngca yonke ingcaciso, ukuhamba kunye nomsebenzi weRosetta namhlanje unye yeeprojekthi ezinkulu eziqingqiweyo zeprojekthi. Uninzi lwezenzululwazi luthi lo mcimbi wesithathu kubaluleke kakhulu emva kokuhamba kwe-Yuri Gagarin kunye nokunyuka kwabantu kwenyanga. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uRosetta akayena msebenzi wokugqibela wophando, injongo yakhe kukukhulisa ulwazi lwethu kwindalo yonke. Impumelelo yendiza ukuya kwi-comet 67P yavuselela uphuhliso lweeprojekthi ezintsha. Abaninzi babo balungiselela ukuqala kwikamva elizayo.