I-glucose isilly reaction. Iintlobo, ukubaluleka kunye nemveliso yokuvumba

Ukutshiswa kwe-glucose ngenye yeempendulo eziphambili apho kunokwenzeka ukulungiselela imimoya. Ingenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nganye kwimveliso nganye. Le nxaxheba idlala indima ephambili kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi bethu, ukupheka nokupheka i-vodka kwiimpendulo ezenzeka emzimbeni wethu.

Imbali

Inkqubo yokuvumba kwe-glucose kunye nezinye iishukela zazisetyenziswa ngabantu bamandulo. Badla ukutya okuthosiweyo. Oku kutya kwakukhuselekile, kuba bekuqulethwe utywala, kwindawo apho kukho amaninzi amabhaktheriya ayingozi. EYiputa naseBhabhiloni lasendulo, abantu sele beyazi indlela yokufakela ezininzi iziphuzo kunye nezobisi zetyhukela. Xa abantu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 balawula ukuphucula le nkqubo, iintlobo kunye namathuba okuphucula, amashishini afana ne-kvass, ukuphuza kunye newayini-vodka yakhula kakhulu.

Iintlobo zokuvumba

Ngokumangalisayo, le nkqubo iyahluke. Ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo zokuvuthwa kwe-glucose kwimveliso yokugqibela. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho i-lactic acid, utywala, i-citric acid, i-acetone, i-oleic acid kunye nabanye abaninzi. Makhe sithethe encinane malunga nohlobo ngalunye. I-Lactic acid isilmentation ye- glucose yinkqubo ephambili ekulungiseleleni iimveliso ezifana nobisi obisiweyo, ukhilimu omuncu, i-kefir, i-cottage cheese. Isetyenziselwa ukugcina imifuno kwaye yenza umsebenzi oyintloko emzimbeni wethu: kwiimeko zokungahambi kwomoya, i-glucose iya guqulwa kwimveliso yokugqibela - i-lactic acid, ebangela iintlungu kwiimisipha ngexesha loqeqesho kwaye emva koko.

Utywala olunxilisayo lubonakaliswa kukuba i-ethyl yotywala yenziwa njengemveliso yokugqibela. Iyenzeka ngoncedo lwezinto ezincinci - imvubelo. Futhi idlala indima ephambili ekuphekeni, kuba ngaphandle kwemveliso ephambili, ukuvumba kotywala kwe-glucose ikhupha i-carbon dioxide (oku kuchaza ukuhluthwa kovavanyo lwesonka).

I-acid-acetyment fermentation yenzeka, njengoko kunzima ukuqikelela, ngokubunjwa kwe-citric acid. Kwenzeka phantsi kwefuthe lento ethile yefungi kunye nenxalenye yomjikelezo weKrebs, oqinisekisa ukuphefumula kwazo zonke iiseli zomzimba wethu.

Ukutyekiswa kwe-acetone-butyl kufana kakhulu ne-asiyric acid. Ngenxa yoko, i- oleic acid, i- butyl ne-ethyl alcohol, i-acetone ne-carbon dioxide. Nge-fermentation ye-asidi ye-asidi, kuphela i-asidi ne-carbon dioxide ehambelana negama lenziwa.

Ngoku siza kujonga zonke iindidi ngokubanzi iinkcukacha, kwaye siqale ngothungelwano olusisiseko olusisiseko lwe-glucose. Zonke iimpendulo kunye nemiba yekhosi yabo iya kuhlaziywa ngokubanzi.

Utywala otywala

Siza kuxela kancinci malunga ne-glucose fermentation, i-equation yile: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂ . Yintoni ongayifunda kule mpendulo? Sineemveliso ezimbini: i-ethyl yotywala kunye ne-carbon dioxide. Ngenxa yokugqibela, sibona ukuvuvukala kovavanyo lwesilonda. Kwaye ngenxa yokuqala, sinethuba lokufumana inambatho engalindelekanga yewayini newayini. Kodwa eqinisweni oku kungokulingana okulula. Ukuphendula okupheleleyo kwe-glucose fermentation yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoko masithathe into encinci.

Kukho inkqubo efana ne-glycolysis. Igama elibizwa ngegama eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukwahlula iswekile." Iyenzeka emzimbeni, kwaye i-product-by-product i- pyruvic acid, kwaye eyona nto i-adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP), eyenziwa ngexesha lo mpendulo evela kwelinye iqela. Kungatsholwa ukuba i-ATP yinkampani yamandla emzimbeni, kwaye ngokwenene i-glycolysis inika umzimba wethu ngamandla.

Asizange sibe nefuthe le nkqubo. Enyanisweni, ukuvumba kufana kakhulu ne-glycolysis, ekubeni isigaba sokuqala sifanayo ngokufanayo kubo. Kungatsho njalo ukuba ukusabela kokutyalwa kotywala kwe-glucose kukuqhubeka kwe-glycolysis. I-pyruvate (i-i-pyruvic acid ion) eyenziwe ngexesha lokugqibela liguqulwa libe yi-acetaldehyde (CH ₃ -C (O) H), ngokukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide njengemveliso. Emva koko, umphumo owenziwe uncitshiswa yi-coenzyme NADH equlethwe kwiibhaktheriya. Ukuncitshiswa kukhokelela ekuvelweni kwe-ethyl yotywala.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukusabela kwe-glucose isilment kwi-ethanol yile ndlela ilandelayo:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH + NADH + H ⁺ = C ₂ H ₅ OH + NAD ⁺

I-NADH isebenza njenge-catalyst yokusabela, kunye ne-NAD ⁺ ion indima ephambili kwinqanaba lokuqala le-glycolysis, kwaye, ekwakheni ekupheleni kokutywala kotywala, iya kubuyela kwinkqubo.

Masize sidlule kwiindidi ezilandelayo zohlobo olusenziwa ngayo uphando.

I-Lactic Acid I-Glucose Utyiliso

Ukususela kotywala olu hlobo luhluke kuba lubekho ngaphantsi kwefuthe lemvubelo, kodwa ngoncedo lweebhaktheriya ze-lactic acid. Ngoko ke, sinemveliso ehlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. I-latic acid fermentation nayo ivela kwiimisipha zethu kwimithwalo ephezulu kunye nokuntuleka kwomoya.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zenkqubo. Iyokuqala i-fermentation. Ukuba uwake wayiva isiqalo esithi "homo", ngokuqinisekileyo uyayiqonda into ithetha ngayo. Ukuvunywa komzimba kuyinkqubo ebandakanya i-enzyme enye. Kwisigaba sokuqala, i-glycolysis iyenzeka kwaye i-asidi ye-pyruvic isungulwa. Emva koko i-pyruvate eyiphumela (kwisisombululo, le asidi ikhona kuphela njenge-ions) iphantsi kwe-hydrogenation ne-NADH ⁺ H kunye ne-lactate dehydrogenase. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso yokunciphisa i-lactic acid, eyi-90% yazo zonke iimveliso ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuphendula. Noko ke, le nkomfa inokubunjwa ngohlobo lweesomers ezimbini ezihlukeneyo: D neL. Ezi ntlobo zihluke ngokuba zibukrokra zomnye kunye kwaye, ngoko, zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umzimba wethu. Yimaphi umqhamo oza kusekwa kwinqanaba elingaphambili elichaza isakhiwo se-lactate dehydrogenase.

Maye sidlulele kwindlela yesibini yokutyelela i-lactic - i-heterofermentative. Kule nqubo, i-enzyme ezininzi zithatha inxaxheba, kwaye iyahamba ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yolu hlobo, iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zenziwa ngexesha lokuphendula: ngaphezu kwe-lactic acid, sinokufumana i-acetic acid kunye ne-ethyl alcohol.

Ngoko sijonge i-lactic acid fermentation. Le yinkqubo esinokuyonwabela ngayo i-cottage cheese, yogurt, i-yezhenka kunye ne-kefir. Masifushanise kwaye sibhale phantsi ngokubanzi ukuphendulwa kwe-lactic acid ye-glucose: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O ₃ . Ngokuqinisekileyo, le yinkqubo elula yokwenza isilfommentation, kuba isicwangciso se-heteroenzymatic siya kuba nzima kakhulu. AmaKhemist asafunda ukutya ubisi lwe-glucose kwaye afumene iindlela zayo ezipheleleyo, ngoko sinokuningi okumele sizame.

Ukuvumba okunamarhasi

Ukuphendula kwale hlobo lokunqanda, kubanjiswa ngotywala, ngaphantsi kwentsholongwane yefungulu ethile. Inkqubo epheleleyo yale mpendulo ayisayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye sinokuthembela kuphela kwizinto ezithile zokulula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingcebiso ukuba isigaba sokuqala senkqubo yi-glycolysis. Emva koko i-asidi ye-pyruvic iyajika ibe ngamacidi ahlukene kwaye iza kwi-lemon. Ngenxa yendlela enjalo, ezinye iicidi zibuthelela kwi-medium reaction, iimveliso ze-oxidation ezingaphelelanga ze-glucose.

Le nkqubo iqhutyelwa phantsi kwefuthe le-oksijeni, kwaye ngokubanzi ingabhalwa njenge-equation elandelayo: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3 O ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O + 4H ₂ O. Ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale olu hlobo lokuvumba, abantu bakhupha i-citric acid Ukucima nje iziqhamo zomthi ofanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-lemon yale asidi ayikho ngaphezu kwe-15%, ngoko le ndlela yayingenasiphelo, kwaye emva kokufunyanwa kwendlela yokuphendula ngayo yonke i-asidi yaqaliswa ukuba yenziwe nge-fermentation.

Ukunyiswa kwamafutha

Qhubela kolunye uhlobo. Olu hlobo lokuvumba lwenzeka phantsi kwesenzo se-butyric acid bactteria. Ziye zisasazeke, kwaye inkqubo abayibangelayo, idlala indima ephambili kwimigangatho ebalulekileyo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngoncedo lwale mabhaktheriya, ukuchithwa kwezinto ezifayo kwenzeka. I-asidi ye-oily, eyenziwe ngethuba lokuphendula, inomtsalane nephunga elimnandi.

Olu hlobo lokuvumba lusetyenziswa kwishishini. Njengoko ucinga ukuba, bafumana i-oleic acid. Ama-esters akhe asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumnandi kunye nephunga elimnandi, ngokungafani neyakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthambisa ioli akusoloko kunenzuzo. Ingabangela umonakalo kwimifuno, iimpahla ezikhunjini, ubisi kunye neminye imikhiqizo. Kodwa oku kwenzeka, ukuba kuphela i-bhakteria yeoli ifike kwimveliso.

Makhe sihlalutye indlela yokwenziwa kweoli ye-glucose. Ukuphendula kwayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2H ₂ . Ngenxa yoko, amandla akhiqizwa, okuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wobomi we-bacyria ye-asiyric acid.

Ukutsalwa kwe-Acetone-butyl

Olu hlobo lufana kakhulu ne-asiyric acid. Hayi kuphela i-glucose, kodwa kunye ne-glycerin, kwaye i-acid ye-pyruvic ingahamba ngale ndlela. Le nkqubo inokwahlukana ngamabakala amabini: owokuqala (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuthi i-acidic) ngokwenene i-oleic acid fermentation. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphezu kweoli, i-acetic acid ikhutshwa kwakhona. Njengomphumo wokuvuthwa kwe-glucose ngale ndlela, sithola iimveliso eziya kwisigaba sesibini (acetonobutyl). Ekubeni yonke inkqubo iyenzeka phantsi kwezenzo zebhaktheriya, ngoko-acidification ye-medium (ukwanda kwe-concentric acid) iphakamisa ukukhutshwa kwee-enzyme ezikhethekileyo ngamabhaktheriya. Zenza ukuphendula ngokuguqulwa kwemveliso ye-glucose ye-fermentation kwi- n-butanol (i-butyl alcohol) kunye ne-acetone. Ukongezelela, kukho i-ethanol.

Ezinye iintlobo zokuvumba

Ukongezelela kule ntlobo ezintlanu kule nkqubo, kukho ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, oku kuveliswa kwe-acetic. Kwenzeka kwakhona phantsi kwezenzo ezininzi zebhaktheriya. Olu hlobo lokuqhumisa lunokusetyenziswa kwiinjongo ezifanelekileyo xa ukhetha. Ikhusela ukutya kumayeza kunye neebhaktheriya eziyingozi. I-alkaline okanye i-methylene ivotyiweyo iyahlukana. Ngokungafani neendidi ezidlulileyo, olu hlobo lwesithambiso lunokuthi luqhutyelwe kwiimveliso ezininzi ze-organic. Ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu seempendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto zezinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswa zibe yimethane, i-hydrogen ne-carbon dioxide.

Indima yezinto eziphilayo

Ukutsalwa kwe-fermentation yindlela endala kakhulu yokufumana amandla ngezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izidalwa zivelisa izinto eziphilayo, ukufumana amandla ngamandla, ngelixa ezinye zichitha ezo zinto, ngelixa zifumana amandla. Ubomi bethu bonke bakhelwe kulo. Kwaye kuthi ngamnye kuthi siqhumise ngesimo esinye okanye enye inzuzo. Njengoko sikhankanywe ngentla, ukuvuthwa kwe-lactic kwenzeka kwiimisipha ngokuqeqesha okunzulu.

Yintoni enye yokuyifunda?

Ukuba unomdla kwi-biochemistry yale nkqubo inomdla kakhulu, kuyafaneleka ukuqala ngeencwadi zezikolo kwi-chemistry kunye ne-biology. Kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zeyunivesiti, iinkcukacha ezicacileyo zichazwe ukuba emva kokuzifunda unokuba nje ingcali kule ndawo.

Isiphelo

Ngoko safika ekupheleni. Siye sahlolisisa zonke iintlobo ze-fermentation ye-glucose nemigaqo-jikelele yale nkqubo, edlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nakucandelo lethu. Kungenzeka ukuba kwixesha elizayo siza kuvula iindidi ezininzi zeenkqubo zakudala kwaye sifunde indlela yokuzisebenzisa ukuze sizuze thina, njengokuba sele sisaziwayo.